The in vivo incorporation of clickable unnatural amino acids such as 4-Azido-L-homoalanine with unique reactivity at a defined postition is used for functionalization of proteins. The azide functionalities in the protein can then be modified with almost any alkyne bearing molecule by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Copper-free alternatives with strained internal alkynes are also available (SPAAC). Some examples enabled with this technique are protein PEGylation, masking with sugars, and the attachment to antibodies.
At present, several assays that use radioisotope labeling to quantify the degradation of long-lived proteins have been developed to measure autophagic flux. Here, we describe a nonradioactive pulse-chase protocol using L-azidohomoalanine (AHA) labeling to quantify long-lived protein degradation during autophagy.
In this protocol we describe the incorporation of bio-orthogonal amino acids as a versatile method for visualizing and identifying de novo-synthesized proteins in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. This protocol contains directions on implementing three complementary types of analysis: 'click chemistry'
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