Tumor microenvironment mimicking 3D models unveil the multifaceted effects of SMAC mimetics.

Small molecule IAP antagonists - SMAC mimetics (SM) - are being developed as an anticancer therapy. SM therapy was demonstrated not only to sensitize tumor cells to TNFα-mediated cell death but also to exert immunostimulatory properties. Their good safety and tolerability profile, plus promising preclinical data, warrants further investigation into their various effects within the tumor microenvironment. Using in vitro models of human tumor cells and fibroblast spheroids co-cultured with primary immune cells, we investigated the effects of SM on immune cell activation. SM treatment induces the maturation of human PBMC- and patient-derived dendritic cells (DC), and modulates cancer-associated fibroblasts towards an immune interacting phenotype. Finally, SM-induced tumor necroptosis further enhances DC activation, leading also to higher T-cell activation and infiltration into the tumor site. These results highlight the relevance of using heterotypic in vitro models to investigate the effects of targeted therapies on different components of the tumor microenvironment.