AGN 193109 is an orally active retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist that targets all three RAR subtypes with higher affinity (RARα/β/γ Kd = 2 nM) than all-trans retinoic acid/ATRA (RARα/β/γ Kd = 9/12/19 nM). AGN 193109 potently antagonizes against ATRA-induced transcription in RARα, RARβ, and RARγ transfected CV-1 cells (by 85%, 62%, and 100%, respectively, by equal molar AGN 193109 against ATRA). AGN 193109 is also widely employeed to block RAR-mediated physiological and pathalogical processes in mice and rats in vivo via oral (1-10 mg/kg) or topical (0.3-36 μmol/kg) administration.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 174(2), 153-159 (2001-07-12)
The synthetic retinoid AGN 193109 is a potent pan retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist. Treatment of pregnant mice with a single oral 1 mg/kg dose of this antagonist on day 8 postcoitum results in severe craniofacial (median cleft face or
The differential programming of sperm and eggs in gonads is a fundamental topic in reproductive biology. Although the sexual fate of germ cells is believed to be determined by signaling factors from sexually differentiated somatic cells in fetal gonads, the
PPARγ, a ligand-activated nuclear receptor, regulates fundamental aspects of bone homeostasis and skeletal remodeling. PPARγ-activating anti-diabetic thiazolidinediones in clinical use promote marrow adiposity, bone loss, and skeletal fractures. As such, delineating novel regulatory pathways that modulate the action of PPARγ
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(50), 14354-14359 (2016-12-03)
The Müllerian duct develops into the oviduct, uterus, and vagina, all of which are quite distinct in their morphology and function. The epithelial fate of these female reproductive organs in developing mice is determined by factors secreted from the stroma;
Synthesis and characterization of a highly potent and effective antagonist of retinoic acid receptors.
A T Johnson et al.
Journal of medicinal chemistry, 38(24), 4764-4767 (1995-11-24)
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