Molecular cytogenetics in artificial hybrid and highly polyploid sturgeons: An evolutionary story narrated by repetitive sequences.

We applied comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) to examine genomes of artificially produced sturgeon hybrids between sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus female (∼120 chromosomes) or Russian sturgeon, A. gueldenstaedtii female (∼240 chromosomes) and a spontaneous triploid Siberian sturgeon A. baerii male (∼360 chromosomes), respectively. The ploidy levels of progenies were analyzed by karyotyping and flow cytometry. We found that the species-specific regions were surprisingly identifiable only on some micro- and small(er) macrochromosomes in hybrid metaphases. We hypothesize that these distinguishable regions are represented by species-specific repetitive sequences driven by more dynamic molecular evolutionary mechanisms. On larger chromosomes, GISH faintly visualized only blocks of pericentromeric and telomeric repetitive sequences, remaining regions were equally shared by both parental species. We concluded that the interspecies hybridization producing viable and even fertile progeny is enabled by the fact that genomes of the species involved are likely divergent at the level of the repetitive sequences only and probably highly conserved in the coding sequences. These small differences of coding sequences are in concordance with previous estimations of relatedness of examined species producing artificial as well as natural hybrids. CGH and GISH represent a challenge in sturgeon cytogenetics as a valuable though technically not simple tool to discriminate chromosomes of parental species in hybrids. The potentials and drawbacks of CGH and GISH application in sturgeons are discussed and further experimental possibilities are proposed.