Discriminative stimulus properties of dextromethorphan in rats.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate dextromethorphan (DM, 30 mg/kg, ip) from saline using a standard two-lever, fixed ratio 10, food reinforcement procedure. The DM-saline discrimination was acquired, and a range of doses of DM produced a dose-related generalization to the DM-lever choice. Stimulus generalization tests were conducted with dextrorphan, an active metabolite of DM, and with drugs selected from different pharmacological families. Dextrorphan induced a full generalization to DM, but only at a dose higher than the DM training dose. Morphine, a mu opiate receptors agonist, and U 50488, a kappa opiate receptors agonist, failed to substitute for DM. Cyclazocine, a benzomorphan derivative, with high affinity for sigma receptors, was able to produce a complete generalization to DM, without a change in the number of rats responding. Dizocilpine (MK 801), a phencyclidine-like drug, produced a complete generalization, but only at a dose that markedly reduced the number of rats responding. Carbetapentane and caramiphen, antitussive drugs with high affinity for the 'specific DM receptors', failed to substitute for DM. These results show that the discriminative stimulus of DM, did not result primarily from its metabolism to dextrorphan; and the discriminative stimulus properties of DM appear to more closely resemble those of cyclazocine than those of the other drugs tested. This suggests a role of sigma receptors in the mediation of the DM stimulus. These experimental data are discussed with reference to the cyclazocine-like subjective effects produced in man by large doses of DM.