SAPK/ERK-1 kinase (SEK1) also called MKK4 or Jun kinase kinase (JNKK) activates the stress activated protein kinase (SAPK). There are other mechanisms by which SAPK may be activated but SEK1 being the immediate upstream activator defines the ensuing protein kinase cascade by the c-Jun transcription factor. Activation of SEK1 occurs through phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues at position 219 and 223 respectively by MEKK. High levels of JNK/SAPK activity are reported to induce apoptosis by the activation of c-Jun. Anti-phospho-MAP Kinase Kinase 4 (MKK4, SEK1, JNKK1 (phosphothreonine 223) detects SEK1/MKK4 protein when activated by phosphorylation at Thr223.
Specificity
Does not react with non-phosphorylated MKK4/SEK1 or phosphorylated MKK3, MEK-1 or MEK-2.
Immunogen
synthetic phospho-Thr223 peptide corresponding to residues around Thr223 of human SEK1.
Application
Anti-phospho-MAP Kinase Kinase 4 may be used for immunoblotting at a working dilution of 1:2,000 using sodium chloride and vanadate-treated 293 cells.
Physical form
Solution in 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, containing 150 mM sodium chloride, 100 μg/mL bovine serum albumin and 50% glycerol.
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The stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), which are distantly related to the MAP kinases, are the dominant c-Jun amino-terminal protein kinases activated in response to a variety of cellular stresses, including treatment with tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-beta (refs 1, 2). SAPK
The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases Erk-1 and Erk-2 are proline-directed kinases that are themselves activated through concomitant phosphorylation of tyrosine and threonine residues. The kinase p54 (M(r) 54,000), which was first isolated from cycloheximide-treated rats, is proline-directed like Erks-1/2, and
Mutations in MECP2 cause Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked neurological disorder characterized by regressive loss of neurodevelopmental milestones and acquired psychomotor deficits. However, the cellular heterogeneity of the brain impedes an understanding of how MECP2 mutations contribute to RTT. Here
Trends in biochemical sciences, 19(11), 470-473 (1994-11-01)
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated by dual phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine in response to a wide array of extracellular stimuli. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a series of extracellular stimuli. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a series of
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