Solar photocatalytic ozonation of a mixture of pharmaceutical compounds in water.

Solar photocatalytic ozonation of a mixture of pharmaceutical compounds in water.

Chemosphere (2014-07-30)

Gracia Márquez, Eva M Rodríguez, Fernando J Beltrán, Pedro M Álvarez

ABSTRACT

Aqueous solutions of mixtures of four pharmaceutical compounds (atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, ofloxacin and trimethoprim) both in Milli-Q ultrapure water and in a secondary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant have been treated at pH 7 by different oxidation methods, such as conventional ozonation, photolytic ozonation, TiO2 catalytic ozonation, TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation and TiO2 photocatalytic ozonation. Experiments were carried out using a solar compound parabolic concentrator. The performance results have been compared in terms of removal of emerging contaminants (ECs), generation rate of phenolic intermediates, organic matter mineralization, ecotoxicity removal and enhancement of biodegradability. Also, the consumption of ozone to achieve certain treatment goals (95% removal of ECs and 40% mineralization) is discussed. Results reveal that solar photocatalytic ozonation is a promising oxidation method as it led to the best results in terms of EC mineralization (∼85%), toxicity removal (∼90%) and efficient use of ozone (∼2mgO3mgEC(-1) to achieve complete EC removal and ∼18mgO3mgTOC(-1) to achieve 40% EC mineralization, respectively).

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

GF24976525

Titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 25mm, annealed, 99.6+%

A-072

Supelco

Atenolol solution, 1.0 mg/mL in acetonitrile, ampule of 1 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant^®

1692505

USP

Trimethoprim, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

GF51463357

Titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 10.3mm, inside diameter 8.7mm, wall thickness 0.8mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF41437830

Titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 1.05mm, inside diameter 0.75mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF03838282

Titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 1.5mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF90963928

Titanium, rod, 25mm, diameter 50mm, 99.99+%

GF35061083

Titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 6.35mm, inside diameter 5.53mm, wall thickness 0.41mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF48167590

Titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 6.1mm, inside diameter 5.1mm, wall thickness 0.5mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF94607040

Titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 4.25mm, inside diameter 3.75mm, wall thickness 0.25mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF25290581

Titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 25.4mm, inside diameter 23.62mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF10374678

Titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 5mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF98611623

Titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 8.0mm, as drawn, 99.99+%

GF20882998

Titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 5mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF32270015

Titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.55mm, wall thickness 0.24mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF49264713

Titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 1.6mm, inside diameter 1.2mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, hard, 99.6+%

GF87716997

Titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 16mm, as drawn, 99.99+%

GF76772391

Titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 10mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF52551222

Titanium, microfoil, disks, 10mm, thinness 0.25μm, specific density 112.6μg/cm², permanent mylar 3.5μm support, 99.6+%

GF62977540

Titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.63mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF25880485

Titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 6.35mm, inside diameter 5.53mm, wall thickness 0.41mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF72212813

Titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 25.4mm, inside diameter 23.62mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF13915447

Titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.55mm, wall thickness 0.24mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF05438066

Titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 1.6mm, inside diameter 1.2mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, hard, 99.6+%

GF04909653

Titanium, rod, 50mm, diameter 20mm, as drawn, 99.99+%

GF82495198

Titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 9.5mm, annealed, 99.99+%

GF72503827

Titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.63mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF03916290

Titanium, rod, 490mm, diameter 2mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF68670366

Titanium, tube, 1220mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.55mm, wall thickness 0.24mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF82517722

Titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 6.35mm, inside diameter 4.57mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%