Identification and characterisation of regional variations in the material properties of ureter according to microstructure.

There are few previous studies on the elastic properties of ureter and most have been limited to essentially one-dimensional deformation measurements. The object of this study was, therefore, to identify regional variations in the multiaxial behaviour of rabbit ureter, subjected to in vitro inflation/extension testing under a physiological range of intraluminal pressures and longitudinal forces. A microstructure-motivated material model (via two- and four-fibre families in turn for elastin and collagen) was implemented and its capacity to mathematically characterise the experimental data contrasted favourably with that of the well-established phenomenological models, but it was compromised by parameter covariance. Extensive optimisation studies confirmed that the reduced model without contribution to the elastin and circumferential-fibre (collagen) families characterised the data equally well without over-parameterisation. In view of the fitted parameters, the ureteral tissue was stiffer longitudinally, justified by the preferential alignment of collagen along that axis and the lower ureter was stiffer than the upper ureter, justified by the histological observation of a thickest lamina propria, i.e. of highest collagen content, there. The lower ureter was less anisotropic than the upper ureter, possessing a comparatively larger amount of diagonally arranged collagen fibres in tunica mucosa, while having the usual amounts of longitudinally arranged fibres in tunica adventitia and of circumferentially arranged fibres in tunica muscularis. The present data may be used as inputs to mathematical models of the ureter, assessing regional and intramural stress distributions, through which it is hoped that an improved appreciation of ureteral function may be attained in both health and disease.