Combined cadmium and temperature acclimation in Daphnia magna: physiological and sub-cellular effects.

Effects of temperature and Cd acclimation (>or=6 generations) on life history and tolerance responses to stress in three clones of Daphnia magna was examined using a 2x2 design (20 and 24 degrees C, 0 and 5 microg L(-1) Cd). Endpoints include acute Cd and heat tolerance, individual traits such as ingestion rates, growth and reproduction responses and physiological attributes such as acute Cd and heat tolerance, energy reserves, electron transport system activity, haemoglobin and oxidative stress enzymes. Cd (20 degrees C+Cd) did reduce reproduction, but acclimation to 24 degrees C+Cd did not decrease reproductive output additionally. For energy reserves, on which Cd and temperature acted similarly, no synergistic effect could be demonstrated. Generally, the effect of 24 degrees C+Cd was comparable to that of the 24 degrees C acclimation. Cd acclimation at 20 degrees C resulted in organisms, which were more tolerant to acute Cd and heat shock challenge, while the contrary was observed at 24 degrees C. A relationship between tolerance to Cd and heat shock and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed. Significant interclonal variation and genotypexenvironmental interactions in the measured traits evidenced that clones responded differently. As natural populations are invariably exposed to multiple stressors and genetic variability may change accordingly, it is essential to improve our knowledge on the effects of such scenarios in order to allow a correct incorporation in ecological risk assessment methodologies.