EF5 is a 2-nitroimidazole-based hypoxia marker corresponding to a pentafluorinated derivative of the hypoxic cell-radiation sensitizer etanidazole. Under low oxygen (hypoxic) condition, reductive activation of its 2-nitroimidazole moiety leads to enhanced EF5 adduct formation with protein thiols and reduced glutathione. The pentafluorination derivatization substantially decreases the proportion of low molecular weight hydrolytic fragmentation of the adducts, making EF5 superior to etanidazole when utilized as a hypoxia marker by immunohistological staining.
Hypoxic cells in tissue pose many medical problems, and there is a need for more accurate measurements of tissue hypoxia. However, measurement of the pO2 and the extent of hypoxia within normal and tumor tissue have proven difficult. One of
Germinal centres (GCs) promote humoral immunity and vaccine efficacy. In GCs, antigen-activated B cells proliferate, express high-affinity antibodies, promote antibody class switching, and yield B cell memory. Whereas the cytokine milieu has long been known to regulate effector functions that
British journal of cancer, 72(4), 875-882 (1995-10-01)
One of the most sensitive hypoxia detection methods is based on the observation that binding of nitroimidazoles to cellular macromolecules occurs as a result of hypoxia-dependent bioreduction by cellular nitroreductases. Nitroimidazole-binding techniques provide measurements of hypoxia to virtually any degree
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