TCS-1102 (DORA-1) is a high-affinity (Ki = 3 nM against [3H]-TCS-1102 for binding hOX1R and Ki = 0.2 nM against [3H]-pyrrolylphenyl analog for binding hOX2R) dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) that potently inhibits calcium mobilization in hOX1R & hOX2R CHO transfectants (IC50 = 17 & 4 nM, respectively). TCS-1102 promotes sleep (50-100 mg/kg p.o.), decreases fear/anxiety (10-20 mg/kg i.p.), and inhibits ADL-orexin B peptide-induced locomotion (by 56%/74%/100% with 15/50/100 mg/kg i.p. 30 min before ADL-XB ICV injection) with good pharmacokinetic properties, brain penetration (Brain/plasma conc. = 2.37 μM/3.50 μM 3 hrs post 100 mg/kg i.p.), and oral availability (Cmax/AUC(0–24h) = 1.21 μM/6.8 μM h and 3.01 μM/12.5 μM h, respectively post 50 and 100 mg/kg p.o. dosage) in rats in vivo.
Orexin (hypocretin) neurons located in the posterior hypothalamus send projections to multiple areas of the brain involved in arousal and experimental evidence indicates that these neurons play a role in the physiological and behavioral responses to stress. This study was
The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) and the orexin/hypocretin neuronal system are key regulators of sleep onset, transitions between vigilance states, and energy homeostasis. Reciprocal projections exist between the VLPO and orexin/hypocretin neurons. Although the importance of the VLPO to sleep
Nature chemical biology, 13(2), 235-242 (2016-12-20)
Understanding the pharmacological similarity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is paramount for predicting ligand off-target effects, drug repurposing, and ligand discovery for orphan receptors. Phylogenetic relationships do not always correctly capture pharmacological similarity. Previous family-wide attempts to define pharmacological relationships
A series of OX(2)R/OX(1)R dual orexin antagonists was prepared based on a proline bis-amide identified as a screening lead. Through a combination of classical and library synthesis, potency enhancing replacements for both amide portions were discovered. N-methylation of the benzimidazole
Frontiers in pharmacology, 6, 257-257 (2015-11-19)
Sleep-wake states are impaired in various neurological disorders. Impairment of sleep-wake states can be an early condition that exacerbates these disorders. Therefore, treating sleep-wake dysfunction may prevent or slow the development of these diseases. Although many gene products are likely
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