The in vivo incorporation of clickable unnatural amino acids such as 4-Azido-L-homoalanine with unique reactivity at a defined postition is used for functionalization of proteins. The azide functionalities in the protein can then be modified with almost any alkyne bearing molecule by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Copper-free alternatives with strained internal alkynes are also available (SPAAC). Some examples enabled with this technique are protein PEGylation, masking with sugars, and the attachment to antibodies.
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In this protocol we describe the incorporation of bio-orthogonal amino acids as a versatile method for visualizing and identifying de novo-synthesized proteins in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. This protocol contains directions on implementing three complementary types of analysis: 'click chemistry'
At present, several assays that use radioisotope labeling to quantify the degradation of long-lived proteins have been developed to measure autophagic flux. Here, we describe a nonradioactive pulse-chase protocol using L-azidohomoalanine (AHA) labeling to quantify long-lived protein degradation during autophagy.
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