Combining the in vivo comet and micronucleus assays: a practical approach to genotoxicity testing and data interpretation.

Despite regulatory directives requiring the reduction of animal use in safety testing, recent modifications to genotoxicity testing guidelines now propose the use of two in vivo genotoxicity assays as a follow-up to an in vitro positive (International Conference on Harmonization Consensus Draft Guidance S2[R1] released March, 2008). To address both goals, the in vivo comet and micronucleus (MN) assays can be successfully combined into one informative study. Combining these two assays with such differences in sensitivity, endpoints measured and the type of data generated significantly improves upon the current standard capabilities for detecting genotoxicity without requiring additional animals. But to take full advantage of the benefits of incorporating the comet assay in safety testing, these same differences must be recognized and considered. Developed from over 15 years experience using the in vivo comet and MN assays in genotoxicity testing of chemicals and pharmaceuticals, this paper presents guidelines for the appropriate experimental design, dose selection and data interpretation for combined in vivo comet/MN assay studies. To illustrate the approach, data from combined assay studies are presented and discussed.