Nornicotine is a tobacco alkaloid and nicotine metabolite. Since virtually all tobacco products contain nornicotine, smoking or chewing tobacco exposes the user to this nicotine alkaloid. In urine testing by GC/MS or LC/MS, nornicotine is used as an indicator of smoking or use of chewing tobacco or nicotine replacement products.
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In the species of genus Nicotiana, nicotine to nornicotine conversion is mediated by closely related nicotine N-demethylase (NND) proteins that are encoded by the CYP82E subfamily of cytochrome P450 genes. The diverse number and transcriptional regulation of the NND genes
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme of the tetrahydrofolate (THF)-mediated one-carbon (C1) metabolic network. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of 5,10-methylene-THF to 5-methyl-THF. The latter donates its methyl group to homocysteine, forming methionine, which is then used for the
The interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine acquire control over behavior. This observation, among others, suggests that the stimulus effects of nicotine are important in the development and tenacity of tobacco dependence. Despite this importance, there has been little research examining
There has been no previous assessment of the level of nicotine exposure in companion animals as a result of passive smoking. A method was developed for the determination of nicotine in dog hair where extraction was carried out by sonication
The goal of the present study is to examine the agonist action of nornicotine on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Using patch-clamp techniques on cockroach dorsal unpaired median neurons, we demonstrated that nornicotine induced two distinct ionic currents named types 1
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