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[A WHO concept- patient blood management].

[A WHO concept- patient blood management].

Praxis (2014-10-12)

Oliver M Theusinger

摘要

Blood transfusions are in general considered as lifesaving. Current data and evidence show, that blood transfusions are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and this apparently dose-dependent. Basic research and results from randomized controlled trials show a causal relationship between blood transfusion and adverse outcome. Based on the current state of knowledge it has to be questioned that blood transfusions are "life-saving" as patients are exposed to an increased risk of disease or death. Furthermore, blood transfusions are more costly than previously assumed. For these reasons novel approaches in the treatment of anemia and bleeding are needed. Patient Blood Management (PBM) allows reduction of transfusion rates by correcting anemia by stimulating erythropoiesis, minimizing perioperative blood loss and optimizing the physiological tolerance of anemia. In 2010 the World Health Organization has claimed PBM to be considered as golden standard. PBM reduces morbidity and mortality by lowering the excessive use of blood transfusions. This concept has partially and successfully been implemented in the University Hospital Balgrist in Zurich.

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铁, ≥99%, reduced, powder (fine)

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羰基铁, ≥97% Fe basis

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铁, puriss. p.a., carbonyl-Iron powder, low in magnesium and manganese compounds, ≥99.5% (RT)

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铁, powder, −325 mesh, 97%

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铁, granular, 10-40 mesh, >99.99% trace metals basis

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铁, powder, <10 μm, ≥99.9% trace metals basis

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铁, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, ≥99.9% trace metals basis

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铁, chips, 99.98% trace metals basis

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铁, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, ≥99.9% trace metals basis

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铁, nanopowder, 35-45 nm particle size, 99.5% trace metals basis

铁, foil, 100x100mm, thickness 0.25mm, hard, 99.5%

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铁, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, ≥99.99% trace metals basis

铁, foil, 300x300mm, thickness 0.1mm, hard, 99.5%

铁, foil, 100x100mm, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

铁, rod, 200mm, diameter 25mm, as drawn, 98+%

铁, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 8.0mm, inside diameter 5mm, wall thickness 1.5mm, annealed, 99.5%

铁, rod, 100mm, diameter 100mm, as drawn, armcO« soft ingot 99.8%

铁, foil, 100x100mm, thickness 1.0mm, as rolled, 99.5%

铁, rod, 50mm, diameter 5.0mm, as drawn, 99.99+%

铁, foil, 100x100mm, thickness 0.5mm, hard, 99.5%

铁, foil, 150x150mm, thickness 1.5mm, as rolled, 99.5%

铁, rod, 150mm, diameter 6.0mm, as drawn, 99.99+%

铁, rod, 100mm, diameter 2.0mm, as drawn, 99.95%

铁, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 0.9mm, as rolled, 99.5%

铁, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 5.0mm, inside diameter 4.5mm, wall thickness 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.5%

铁, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 1.0mm, as rolled, 99.5%

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铁, rod, 200mm, diameter 9.5mm, as drawn, soft ingot 99.8+%

铁, rod, 500mm, diameter 4.8mm, as drawn, 98+%

铁, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 0.5mm, hard, 99.5%