Inhibition of the Type III Secretion System of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium via Treatment with Fraxetin.

The increasingly serious problem of bacterial drug resistance has led to the development of antivirulence agents. The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) and its effector proteins are important virulence factors for S. Typhimurium invasion and replication in host cells and for antivirulence drug screening. Fraxetin is isolated from Fraxinus spp. Extensive studies have reported its multiple pharmacological activities. However, it remains to be elucidated whether fraxetin affects the function of the S. Typhimurium T3SS. In this study, the anti-infection mechanism of fraxetin on S. Typhimurium and its T3SS was investigated. Fraxetin inhibited the S. Typhimurium invasion of HeLa cells without affecting the growth of bacteria in vitro. Further findings on the mechanism showed that fraxetin had an inhibitory effect on the S. Typhimurium T3SS by inhibiting the transcription of the pathogenesis-related SPI-1 transcriptional activator genes hilD, hilC, and rtsA. Animal experiments showed that fraxetin treatment protected mice against S. Typhimurium infection. Collectively, we provide the first demonstration that fraxetin may serve as an effective T3SS inhibitor for the development of treatments for Salmonella infection. IMPORTANCE The increasingly serious problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance limits the clinical application of antibiotics, which increases the need for the development of antivirulence agents. The type III secretion system (T3SS) plays a critical role in host cell invasion and pathogenesis of Salmonella and becomes a popular target for antivirulence agents screening. Our study found, for the first time, that fraxetin inhibited S. Typhimurium invasion by inhibiting the transcription of genes in a feed-forward regulatory loop. Further in vivo testing showed that fraxetin decreased bacterial burdens in the spleen and liver of S. Typhimurium-infected mice and improved survival outcomes in an in vivo mouse model of S. Typhimurium infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate that fraxetin inhibits S. Typhimurium infection by targeting the T3SS and may serve as a potential agent for the treatment of S. Typhimurium infection.