Encoding of 3D Head Orienting Movements in the Primary Visual Cortex.

Animals actively sample the sensory world by generating complex patterns of movement that evolve in three dimensions. Whether or how such movements affect neuronal activity in sensory cortical areas remains largely unknown, because most experiments exploring movement-related modulation have been performed in head-fixed animals. Here, we show that 3D head-orienting movements (HOMs) modulate primary visual cortex (V1) activity in a direction-specific manner that also depends on light. We identify two overlapping populations of movement-direction-tuned neurons that support this modulation, one of which is direction tuned in the dark and the other in the light. Although overall movement enhanced V1 responses to visual stimulation, HOMs suppressed responses. We demonstrate that V1 receives a motor efference copy related to orientation from secondary motor cortex, which is involved in controlling HOMs. These results support predictive coding theories of brain function and reveal a pervasive role of 3D movement in shaping sensory cortical dynamics.