Subunit dependent modulation of GABAA receptor function by neuroactive steroids.

Neurosteroids are potent, endogenous modulators of GABAA receptor function in the central nervous system. The endogenous progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone (ALP) and the synthetic steroid compound alphaxalone (AFX) have been shown to both directly activate and potentiate GABAA receptor-activated membrane current (IGABA). The role of different alpha and gamma subunit subtypes in modulation of IGABA by ALP and AFX was investigated using recombinant GABAA receptor isoforms expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Changing or removal of the alpha subunit subtype altered the efficacy of both ALP and AFX (alpha2beta1gamma2L>alpha1beta1gamma2L>beta1gamma2L) to potentiate IGABA, but did not alter the potency of the neuroactive steroids at these receptor isoforms. The efficacy of ALP to enhance IGABA was also dependent on the gamma subunit subtype (alpha1beta1gamma3>alpha1beta1gamma2L = alpha1beta1gamma1). AFX also had higher efficacy in the alpha1beta1gamma3 receptor isoform compared to alpha1beta1gamma1. In contrast to ALP, the potency of AFX was greater in the alpha1beta1gamma3 and alpha1beta1gamma1 receptor isoforms compared to alpha1beta1gamma2L. This study provides evidence that the alpha subunit subtype determines the efficacy, but not the potency, of these neuroactive steroids to potentiate IGABA. The gamma3 subunit subtype increases the maximal efficacy of neuroactive steroids compared to other gamma subunit subtypes. These results suggest that the heteromeric assembly of different GABAA receptor isoforms containing different subunit subtypes results in multiple steroid recognition sites on GABAA receptors that in turn produce distinctly different modulatory interactions between neuroactive steroids acting at the GABAA receptor.