Cellular uptake by macrophages and ensuing clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system stands as a significant biological barrier for nanoparticle therapeutics. While there is a growing body of work investigating the design principles essential for imparting nanomaterials with long-circulating characteristics
Biochimica et biophysica acta, 886(3), 425-433 (1986-05-29)
Uptake and metabolism of L-carnitine, D-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine were studied utilizing isolated guinea-pig enterocytes. Uptake of the D- and L-isomers of carnitine was temperature dependent. Uptake of L-[14C]carnitine by jejunal cells was sodium dependent since replacement by lithium, potassium or
Biochimica et biophysica acta, 797(1), 136-139 (1984-01-24)
The effect of ascorbate deficiency on carnitine biosynthesis was investigated in young male guinea pigs. Liver and skeletal muscle carnitine levels were reduced in scorbutic animals. Heart and kidney concentrations remained unchanged. 14C-labeled 4-N-trimethylaminobutyrate was administered to control, pair-fed and
The biosynthesis of carnitine proceeds from trimethyllysine (TML) by beta-hydroxylation by a liver or kidney mitochondrial enzyme, which requires oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate, ferrous iron, and ascorbate. This dioxygenase is rapidly inactivated by preincubation with Fe2+, but not Fe3+. The evidence suggests
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