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General description
Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) is a lipid soluble polycyclic aromatic ketone that is used as a cofactor in the forming of coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX and X. It is also an anticoagulant factor for protein C and S and as a cell signaling factor [1]. VitaminK1 is synthesized by plants and some cyanobacteria to be used as a redox cofactor, and is converted into vitamin K2 by intestinal microbiota in the human gut[2]. Vitamin K1 has shown to enhance the growth of many anaerobes including Bacteroides species and certain gram-positive non-spore forming organisms [3]. Vitamin K1 a is also a key ingredient compound in certain anaerobic mediums such as: Brucella broth, Thioglycolate broth, reinforced Clostridial Medium, etc. An in vitro study performed by Kijewski, et al., showed that Vitamin K analogs phylloquinone (vitamin K1), menaquinone (vitamin K2), and menadione (vitamin K3), inhibit the growth of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and the production of its main virulence factor; the Shiga toxin[4].
Application
For 1 liter (L) of medium preparation, it is recommended to add 0.2 mL Vitamin K Ready Made Solution after autoclaving of medium, to achieve a final concentration of 1 microgram/ml. The optimal concentration of supplement may vary for each strain. Select strains which show turbid growth (24-48 hr) with vitamin K1 supplementation: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bifidobacterium longu, Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides vulgatus and Fusobacterium nucleatum.
Storage and Stability
1. The solution is classified as light sensitive.
2. The solution cannot be heated and must be added aseptically in proper amounts to media that has been autoclaved and cooled to 50-55 ºC.
2. The solution cannot be heated and must be added aseptically in proper amounts to media that has been autoclaved and cooled to 50-55 ºC.
Signal Word
Danger
Hazard Statements
Precautionary Statements
Hazard Classifications
Eye Irrit. 2 - Flam. Liq. 2
Storage Class Code
3 - Flammable liquids
WGK
WGK 1
Flash Point(F)
55.4 °F - closed cup
Flash Point(C)
13 °C - closed cup
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The production of menaquinones (vitamin K2) by intestinal bacteria and their role in maintaining coagulation homeostasis
Conly JM, Stein K.
Progress in Food & Nutrition Science, 16(4), 307-343 (1992)
Hemin and vitamin K compounds as required factors for the cultivation of certain strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus
GIbbons RJ, Macdonald JB.
Journal of Bacteriology, 80(2), 164-170 (1960)
Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1): Occurrence, Biosynthesis and Functions
Basset GJ, et al
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 17(12), 1028-1038 (2017)
Vitamin K Analogs Influence the Growth and Virulence Potential of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
Kijewski A, et al
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 86(24), e00583-e00520 (2020)
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