Thermally induced structural evolution and performance of mesoporous block copolymer-directed alumina perovskite solar cells.

Thermally induced structural evolution and performance of mesoporous block copolymer-directed alumina perovskite solar cells.

ACS nano (2014-04-02)

Kwan Wee Tan, David T Moore, Michael Saliba, Hiroaki Sai, Lara A Estroff, Tobias Hanrath, Henry J Snaith, Ulrich Wiesner

PMID24684494

ABSTRACT

Structure control in solution-processed hybrid perovskites is crucial to design and fabricate highly efficient solar cells. Here, we utilize in situ grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the structural evolution and film morphologies of methylammonium lead tri-iodide/chloride (CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x)) in mesoporous block copolymer derived alumina superstructures during thermal annealing. We show the CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x) material evolution to be characterized by three distinct structures: a crystalline precursor structure not described previously, a 3D perovskite structure, and a mixture of compounds resulting from degradation. Finally, we demonstrate how understanding the processing parameters provides the foundation needed for optimal perovskite film morphology and coverage, leading to enhanced block copolymer-directed perovskite solar cell performance.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

178810

Sigma-Aldrich

Tetrahydrofuran, ReagentPlus^®, ≥99.0%, contains 250 ppm BHT as inhibitor

C2432

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, contains 100-200 ppm amylenes as stabilizer, ≥99.5%

132950

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, ReagentPlus^®, ≥99.8%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

32211

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Chloroform, puriss. p.a., reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.0-99.4% (GC)

496189

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Chloroform, biotech. grade, ≥99.8%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

537993

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1-Butanol, 99.9%

33120

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N,N-Dimethylformamide, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.8% (GC)

494488

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N,N-Dimethylformamide, biotech. grade, ≥99.9%

360589

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Tetrahydrofuran, contains 250 ppm BHT as inhibitor, ACS reagent, ≥99.0%

360465

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, ACS reagent, ≥99.4%

366919

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Chloroform, ACS spectrophotometric grade, ≥99.8%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

24194

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Ethanol, absolute, denaturated with 0.5-1.5 Vol.% 2-butanone and approx. 0.001% Bitrex (GC), ≥98% (GC)

24216

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Chloroform, contains ethanol as stabilizer, meets analytical specification of BP, 99-99.4% (GC)

319988

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Chloroform, contains ethanol as stabilizer, ACS reagent, ≥99.8%

472476

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Chloroform, contains amylenes as stabilizer, ACS reagent, ≥99.8%

D158550

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N,N-Dimethylformamide, ReagentPlus^®, ≥99%

319937

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N,N-Dimethylformamide, ACS reagent, ≥99.8%

87368

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Tetrahydrofuran, contains 250 ppm BHT as inhibitor, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.9%

34867

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1-Butanol, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.7%

650471

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Chloroform, HPLC Plus, for HPLC, GC, and residue analysis, ≥99.9%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

34854

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Chloroform, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.8%, amylene stabilized

366927

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Chloroform, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.8%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

650498

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, HPLC Plus, for HPLC, GC, and residue analysis, ≥99.9%, contains amylenes as stabilizer

34865

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687502

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Titanium(IV) isopropoxide, packaged for use in deposition systems

72438

Supelco

N,N-Dimethylformamide, analytical standard

02487

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Chloroform, analytical standard

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Supelco

Tetrahydrofuran, analytical standard

06300

Supelco

Aluminum oxide, activated, neutral, Brockmann Activity I

87369

Supelco

Tetrahydrofuran, Selectophore^™, ≥99.5%