Skip to Content
Merck
  • Sugar composition of the pectic polysaccharides of charophytes, the closest algal relatives of land-plants: presence of 3-O-methyl-D-galactose residues.

Sugar composition of the pectic polysaccharides of charophytes, the closest algal relatives of land-plants: presence of 3-O-methyl-D-galactose residues.

Annals of botany (2015-06-27)
Christina O'Rourke, Timothy Gregson, Lorna Murray, Ian H Sadler, Stephen C Fry
ABSTRACT

During evolution, plants have acquired and/or lost diverse sugar residues as cell-wall constituents. Of particular interest are primordial cell-wall features that existed, and in some cases abruptly changed, during the momentous step whereby land-plants arose from charophytic algal ancestors. Polysaccharides were extracted from four charophyte orders [Chlorokybales (Chlorokybus atmophyticus), Klebsormidiales (Klebsormidium fluitans, K. subtile), Charales (Chara vulgaris, Nitella flexilis), Coleochaetales (Coleochaete scutata)] and an early-diverging land-plant (Anthoceros agrestis). 'Pectins' and 'hemicelluloses', operationally defined as extractable in oxalate (100 °C) and 6 m NaOH (37 °C), respectively, were acid- or Driselase-hydrolysed, and the monosaccharides analysed chromatographically. One unusual monosaccharide, 'U', was characterized by (1)H/(13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and also enzymically. 'U' was identified as 3-O-methyl-D-galactose (3-MeGal). All pectins, except in Klebsormidium, contained acid- and Driselase-releasable galacturonate, suggesting homogalacturonan. All pectins, without exception, released rhamnose and galactose on acid hydrolysis; however, only in 'higher' charophytes (Charales, Coleochaetales) and Anthoceros were these sugars also efficiently released by Driselase, suggesting rhamnogalacturonan-I. Pectins of 'higher' charophytes, especially Chara, contained little arabinose, instead possessing 3-MeGal. Anthoceros hemicelluloses were rich in glucose, xylose, galactose and arabinose (suggesting xyloglucan and arabinoxylan), none of which was consistently present in charophyte hemicelluloses. Homogalacturonan is an ancient streptophyte feature, albeit secondarily lost in Klebsormidium. When conquering the land, the first embryophytes already possessed rhamnogalacturonan-I. In contrast, charophyte and land-plant hemicelluloses differ substantially, indicating major changes during terrestrialization. The presence of 3-MeGal in charophytes and lycophytes but not in the 'intervening' bryophytes confirms that cell-wall chemistry changed drastically between major phylogenetic grades.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich
2,6-Lutidine, ReagentPlus®, 98%
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
D-(+)-Galactose, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Acetic acid, for luminescence, BioUltra, ≥99.5% (GC)
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Acetic acid, natural, ≥99.5%, FG
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Acetic acid, ≥99.5%, FCC, FG
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Ammonium formate, ≥99.995% trace metals basis
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Acetic acid-12C2, 99.9 atom % 12C
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
D-(+)-Galactose, ≥98% (HPLC)
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
D-(+)-Galactose, ≥99% (HPLC)
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
D-(+)-Galactose, BioXtra, ≥99% (HPLC)
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
D-(+)-Galactose, ≥99% (HPLC), BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
2,6-Lutidine
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Sucrose, ACS reagent
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Sucrose, ≥99.5% (GC)
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Sucrose, for molecular biology, ≥99.5% (GC)
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Sucrose, ≥99.5% (GC), BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Sucrose, Grade I, ≥99% (GC), suitable for plant cell culture
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Sucrose, ≥99.5% (GC), BioXtra
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Sucrose, ≥99.5% (GC), Grade II, suitable for plant cell culture
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
5α-Androstan-17β-ol-3-one, ≥97.5%
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
α-Amylase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, liquid, ≥250 units/g
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Sucrose, ≥99.5% (GC)
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Sucrose, meets USP testing specifications
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Deuterium oxide, 99.9 atom % D, contains 1 % (w/w) 3-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propanesulfonic acid, sodium salt (DSS)
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethyl acetate, ReagentPlus®, ≥99.8%
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
Pyridine, ≥99%
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
5α-Androstan-17β-ol-3-one, purum, ≥99.0% (TLC)
Pricing and availability is not currently available.