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  • Hydroxypyri(mi)dine-based chelators as antidotes of toxicity due to aluminum and actinides.

Hydroxypyri(mi)dine-based chelators as antidotes of toxicity due to aluminum and actinides.

Current medicinal chemistry (2012-03-30)
M A Santos, M A Esteves, S Chaves
ABSTRACT

This review is focused on recent developments on hydroxypyri(mi)dines, as aluminum and actinide chelating agents to combat the toxicity due to accumulations of these metal ions in human body resulting from excessive metal exposure. After a brief update revision of the most common processes of aluminum (Al) exposure, as well as the associated toxicities and pathologies, we will focus on the current available Al chelators and future perspective as potential antidotes of Al toxicity. Due to the similarity between Al and Fe, a major emphasis is given to the hydroxypyridinone and hydroxypyrimidinone chelators, since they are analogues of the current iron chelators in clinical use (DFP and DFO). This review includes issues such as molecular design strategies and corresponding effects on the associated physico-chemical properties, lipo-hydrophilic balance, toxicity, in vivo bioassays and current clinical applications. The hydroxypyri(mi)dine chelators are also suitable for other hard metal ions, such as the radiotoxic actinides, and so a brief review is included on the applications of these chelators in actinides scavenging.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich
Aluminum, ACS reagent, 99%, wire, wire diam. ~1.5 mm
Sigma-Aldrich
Aluminum, ReagentPlus®, beads, 5-15 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis
Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 20mm, cell size 3.2mm, cell wall 0.025mm, core density 0.072g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 10mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
Aluminum, foam, 150x150mm, thickness 30mm, bulk density 0.2g/cm3, porosity 0.93, aluminum 6101 grade, 98.5%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 13.9mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin aluminum 0.55mm, 99.9%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 52.3mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin glass fiber 0.75mm, 99.9%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 5mm, cell size 19mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.029g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 52.3mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin glass fiber 0.75mm, 99.9%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 26.5mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin carbon fiber / epoxy, 99.9%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 20mm, cell size 4.8mm, cell wall 0.038mm, core density 0.070g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 10mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 5mm, cell size 3.2mm, cell wall 0.025mm, core density 0.072g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 5mm, cell size 13mm, cell wall 0.1mm, core density 0.062g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 26.5mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin aluminum 0.55mm, 99.9%
Aluminum, wire reel, 100m, diameter 0.25mm, hard, 99.99+%
Aluminum, rod, 200mm, diameter 12.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, wire reel, 100m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.5%
Aluminum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, sphere, 100pcs, diameter 3.0mm, aluminum alloy 2017 precision sphere, grade 200, 95.2%
Aluminum, wire reel, 1000m, diameter 0.7mm, as drawn, 99.5%
Aluminum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, wire reel, 1000m, diameter 0.30mm, as drawn, 99.5%
Aluminum, wire reel, 100m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.95+%
Aluminum, wire reel, 100m, diameter 0.063mm, annealed, 99.99%
Aluminum, tube, 0.1m coil, as drawn, outside diameter 0.30mm, inside diameter 0.2mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, 99.5%
Aluminum, mesh, 150x150mm, nominal aperture 0.38mm, wire diameter 0.25mm, 40x40 wires/inch, open area 37%, plain weave mesh
Aluminum, microleaf disks, 10mm, thinness 1.0μm, specific density 269.9μg/cm2, removable support, 99.999%
Aluminum, rod, 200mm, diameter 5.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, rod, 50mm, diameter 28mm, as drawn, 99.999%