Recent developments and perspectives in palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides: synthesis of benzonitriles.

Recent developments and perspectives in palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides: synthesis of benzonitriles.

Chemical Society reviews (2011-04-30)

Pazhamalai Anbarasan, Thomas Schareina, Matthias Beller

ABSTRACT

The palladium-catalyzed cyanation of Ar-X (X = I, Br, Cl, OTf, and H) allows for an efficient access towards benzonitriles. After its discovery in 1973 and following significant improvements in recent decades, this methodology has become nowadays the most popular for preparation of substituted aromatic nitriles. In this critical review, we summarize the important developments in this area from 2000 until 2010 (151 references).

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

686468

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, nanopowder, <25 nm particle size (TEM), ≥99.5%

348678

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

348643

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 99.98% trace metals basis

464651

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, <75 μm, 99.9% trace metals basis

203998

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder or granules, 99.99% trace metals basis

203939

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, 99.995% trace metals basis

348694

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, wire, diam. 0.5 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

267082

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, sponge, 99.9% trace metals basis

267112

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

267120

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

287474

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

373206

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, evaporation slug, diam. × L 0.6 cm × 0.6 cm, 99.95% trace metals basis

GF03499016

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.03mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF89838220

Palladium, foil, light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.075mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF73143491

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.0125mm, 99.95%

GF62759841

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.005mm, 99.95%

GF47081437

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 150x150mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF74896857

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.005mm, 99.95%

GF81435146

Palladium, rod, 100mm, diameter 2.0mm, 99.95%

GF22660264

Palladium, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.95%

GF95076625

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 150x150mm, thickness 0.03mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF77561343

Palladium, foil, light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.03mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF68272588

Palladium, rod, 25mm, diameter 6.0mm, 99.95%

GF04041403

Palladium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.05mm, as drawn, 99.9%

GF65598171

Palladium, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.99+%

GF19701503

Palladium, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.125mm, hard, 99.95%

GF52079171

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.006mm, 99.95%

GF49794317

Palladium, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.25mm, hard, 99.95%

GF15900713

Palladium, microfoil, disks, 25mm, thinness 0.5μm, specific density 303.4μg/cm², permanent mylar 3.5μm support, 99.99%

GF81049394

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.0025mm, 99.95%