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  • Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Food chemistry (2015-03-15)
Faiyaz Shakeel, Nazrul Haq, Nasir A Siddiqui
ABSTRACT

The solubility of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents namely water, ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ethyl acetate (EA), isopropanol (IPA), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), Transcutol, butanol-1 and butanol-2 was measured and correlated at T=(298-318)K. The resulting experimental data were correlated with the modified Apelblat and Van't Hoff models. Both the models showed good correlation of experimental solubility data with calculated ones with root mean square deviations in the range of (0.08-1.55)%. The mole fraction solubility of vanillin was observed highest in PEG-400 (4.29 × 10(-1) at 298 K) followed by Transcutol, EA, butanol-2, ethanol, EG, PG, IPA, butanol-1 and water from T=(298-318)K. The results of thermodynamic function in terms of dissolution enthalpy, Gibbs energy and dissolution entropy showed endothermic, spontaneous and entropy-driven dissolution of vanillin in all environmentally benign solvents.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

USP
Vanillin Melting Point Standard, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Supelco
Dehydrated Alcohol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Supelco
Propylene glycol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Supelco
Vanillin melting point standard, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Supelco
Mettler-Toledo Calibration substance ME 51143093, Vanillin, traceable to primary standards (LGC)
Supelco
Acetone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Sigma-Aldrich
Vanillin, tested according to Ph. Eur.
Supelco
Acetone, analytical standard
Supelco
1-Butanol, analytical standard
Supelco
2-Butanol, analytical standard
Sigma-Aldrich
1-Butanol, anhydrous, 99.8%
Sigma-Aldrich
Acetone, ≥99%, meets FCC analytical specifications
Sigma-Aldrich
Acetone, natural, ≥97%
Sigma-Aldrich
2-Butanol, anhydrous, 99.5%
Sigma-Aldrich
Vanillin, ≥97%, FCC, FG
Sigma-Aldrich
Propylene glycol, ≥99.5% (GC), FCC, FG
Sigma-Aldrich
Vanillin, ReagentPlus®, 99%
Supelco
Ethanol solution, certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol
Sigma-Aldrich
Acetone, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.9%
Sigma-Aldrich
Vanillin, natural, ≥97%, FCC, FG
Sigma-Aldrich
1-Butanol, for molecular biology, ≥99%
Sigma-Aldrich
Propylene Glycol, meets USP testing specifications
Vanillin, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
USP
Propylene glycol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
USP
Dehydrated Alcohol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Supelco
2-Butanol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Sigma-Aldrich
1-Butanol, BioRenewable, ACS reagent, ≥99.4%
Supelco
Vanillin, certified reference material, TraceCERT®, Manufactured by: Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Switzerland
Propylene glycol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
USP
Acetone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard