A systematic evaluation of agglomeration of Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles under freshwater relevant conditions.

A systematic evaluation of agglomeration of Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles under freshwater relevant conditions.

Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) (2014-07-08)

Emel Topuz, Laura Sigg, Ilhan Talinli

ABSTRACT

This study aims to investigate effects of freshwater components in order to predict agglomeration behavior of silver nanoparticles coated with citrate (AgNP-Cit), polyvinylpyrrolidone (AgNP-PVP), and of TiO2 nanoparticles. Agglomeration studies were conducted in various media based on combinations of ions, natural organic matter (humic, fulvic acid) and surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkyl ethoxylate), at a constant ionic strength of 10 mM over time for up to 1 week. Agglomeration level of AgNP-Cit and TiO2 was mostly dependent on the concentration of Ca(2+) in media, and their size strongly increased to micrometer scale over 1 week. However, AgNP-Cit and TiO2 were stabilized to particle size around 500 nm in the presence of NOM, surfactants and carbonate over 1 week. AgNP-PVP maintained their original size in all media except in the presence of Mg(2+) ions which led to significant agglomeration. Behavior of these engineered nanoparticles was similar in a natural freshwater medium.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

GF83533215

Silver, foil, not light tested, 150x150mm, thickness 0.008mm, 99.97%

14021

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium(IV) oxide, ReagentPlus^®, ≥99%

GF37949170

Silver, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 4.65mm, inside diameter 4.15mm, wall thickness 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.95+%

GF34876109

Silver, rod, 1000mm, diameter 3.5mm, as drawn, 99.95+%

GF08856658

Silver, insulated wire, 10m, conductor diameter 0.25mm, insulation thickness 0.023mm, polyester insulation, 99.99%

GF34208388

Silver, insulated wire, 20m, conductor diameter 0.025mm, insulation thickness 0.005mm, polyester insulation, 99.99%

GF27049686

Silver, rod, 100mm, diameter 5.0mm, as drawn, 99.95+%

GF68874755

Silver, insulated wire, 20m, conductor diameter 0.125mm, insulation thickness 0.0125mm, polyester insulation, 99.99%

GF48834311

Silver, insulated wire, 10m, conductor diameter 0.125mm, insulation thickness 0.0125mm, polyimide insulation, 99.9%

GF52389434

Silver, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 3.5mm, inside diameter 3.04mm, wall thickness 0.23mm, as drawn, 99.95+%

GF70247268

Silver, insulated wire, 10m, conductor diameter 0.25mm, insulation thickness 0.015mm, epoxy insulation, 99.99%

GF48720483

Silver, sphere, 50pcs, diameter 0.5mm, precision sphere grade

GF52446696

Silver, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 4.65mm, inside diameter 4.23mm, wall thickness 0.21mm, as drawn, 99.95+%

GF85536704

Silver, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 6.0mm, inside diameter 4mm, wall thickness 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.95+%

GF79165211

Silver, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 2.8mm, inside diameter 2.5mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, as drawn, 99.95+%

GF85204863

Silver, insulated wire, 50m, conductor diameter 0.25mm, insulation thickness 0.023mm, polyester insulation, 99.99%

GF83934692

Silver, rod, 50mm, diameter 8.0mm, as drawn, 99.95+%

GF82417046

Silver, insulated wire, 5m, conductor diameter 0.075mm, insulation thickness 0.010mm, nylon insulation, 99.99%

GF53038537

Silver, rod, 500mm, diameter 2.0mm, as drawn, 99.95+%

GF98384822

Silver, insulated wire, 5m, conductor diameter 0.25mm, insulation thickness 0.005mm, polyurethane insulation, 99.99%

GF32871258

Silver, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 2.0mm, inside diameter 1.6mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, as drawn, 99.95+%

GF99680563

Silver, insulated wire, 2m, conductor diameter 0.25mm, insulation thickness 0.023mm, polyester insulation, 99.99%

GF16689347

Silver, insulated wire, 20m, conductor diameter 0.05mm, insulation thickness 0.0075mm, polyester insulation, 99.99%

GF14376102

Silver, insulated wire, 5m, conductor diameter 0.075mm, insulation thickness 0.010mm, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) insulation, 99.99%

GF88825135

Silver, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 6.0mm, inside diameter 4mm, wall thickness 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.95+%

GF29736692

Silver, rod, 100mm, diameter 3.0mm, as drawn, 99.997%

GF01039980

Silver, microfoil, disks, 10mm, thinness 0.5μm, specific density 522.6μg/cm², permanent mylar 3.5μm support, 99.95+%

GF43220191

Silver, insulated wire, 50m, conductor diameter 0.125mm, insulation thickness 0.0125mm, polyimide insulation, 99.9%

GF65841846

Silver, rod, 200mm, diameter 3.5mm, as drawn, 99.95+%

GF41062979

Silver, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 2.0mm, inside diameter 1.6mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, as drawn, 99.95+%