Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates invasion of Src-activated intestinal cells.

Src activation is correlated with progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). CRCs accompanied by ulcerative colitis, chronic inflammation in the colon, often have elevated Src activity, and ulcerative colitis-related CRCs are more likely to become invasive, whereas Ras activation is rarely associated with this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), on the invasive properties of epithelial cells constitutively expressing activated Ras or Src. A cell line derived from intestinal epithelia was transfected with a v-src- or v-H-ras-expressing vector. The effect of TNF-alpha on morphologic changes in colonies cultured in soft agar was determined. Src protein kinase activity, peroxide production, E-cadherin expression levels, and the phosphorylation status of beta-catenin and E-cadherin were determined. The invasive potential of these cells was determined by measuring cell motility and using an in vitro invasion assay. TNF-alpha altered the colony morphology of src-, but not ras-expressing cells. TNF-alpha increased peroxide production, leading to Src protein expression as well as Src activity in src transfectants. Activation of Src by TNF-alpha led to reduced E-cadherin levels and enhanced invasion of src transfectants. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and herbimycin A inhibited these effects. These results indicate that Src kinase activation enhances the response of epithelial cells to TNF-alpha leading to increased invasion through mechanisms that involve production of reactive oxygen intermediates.