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  • Highly efficient extraction of anthocyanins from grape skin using deep eutectic solvents as green and tunable media.

Highly efficient extraction of anthocyanins from grape skin using deep eutectic solvents as green and tunable media.

Archives of pharmacal research (2015-11-05)
Kyung Min Jeong, Jing Zhao, Yan Jin, Seong Rok Heo, Se Young Han, Da Eun Yoo, Jeongmi Lee
ABSTRACT

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were investigated as tunable, environmentally benign, yet superior extraction media to enhance the extraction of anthocyanins from grape skin, which is usually discarded as waste. Ten DESs containing choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor combined with different hydrogen bond donors were screened for high extraction efficiencies based on the anthocyanin extraction yields. As a result, citric acid, D-(+)-maltose, and fructose were selected as the effective DES components, and the newly designed DES, CM-6 that is composed of citric acid and D-(+)-maltose at 4:1 molar ratio, exhibited significantly higher levels of anthocyanin extraction yields than conventional extraction solvents such as 80% aqueous methanol. The final extraction method was established based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction under conditions optimized using response surface methodology. Its extraction yields were double or even higher than those of conventional methods that are time-consuming and use volatile organic solvents. Our method is truly a green method for anthocyanin extraction with great extraction efficiency using a minimal amount of time and solvent. Moreover, this study suggested that grape skin, the by-products of grape juice processing, could serve as a valuable source for safe, natural colorants or antioxidants by use of the eco-friendly extraction solvent, CM-6.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich
Sodium carbonate, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%
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Potassium chloride, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri, ReagentPlus®, ≥99%
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Hydrochloric acid, puriss., 24.5-26.0%
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Sodium carbonate, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri, ACS reagent (primary standard), 99.95-100.05% dry basis
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Sodium carbonate, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri, ReagentPlus®, ≥99.5%
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Sodium carbonate, anhydrous, powder or granules, free-flowing, Redi-Dri, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%
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Hydrochloric acid, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, NF, fuming, 36.5-38%
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Acetic acid, glacial, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, FCC, 99.8-100.5%
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Acetic acid, glacial, puriss., 99-100%
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Hydrochloric acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., fuming, ≥37%, APHA: ≤10
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Hydrochloric acid, ACS reagent, 37%
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Hydrogen chloride solution, 1.0 M in acetic acid
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Hydrogen chloride solution, 1.0 M in diethyl ether
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Sodium acetate, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., anhydrous
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Sodium carbonate, ACS reagent, anhydrous, ≥99.5%, powder or granules
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Sodium carbonate, ACS reagent (primary standard), anhydrous, 99.95-100.05% dry basis
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Hydrochloric acid, 37 wt. % in H2O, 99.999% trace metals basis
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Acetic acid, glacial, ≥99.99% trace metals basis
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Sodium carbonate, powder, ≥99.5%, ACS reagent
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Sodium acetate, ACS reagent, ≥99.0%
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Hydrogen chloride solution, 2.0 M in diethyl ether
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Acetic acid, glacial, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.8%
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Hydrogen chloride solution, 4.0 M in dioxane
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Acetic acid solution, suitable for HPLC
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Sodium acetate, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri, ACS reagent, ≥99.0%
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Acetic acid, glacial, ReagentPlus®, ≥99%
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Hydrochloric acid, ACS reagent, 37%
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Ethyl alcohol, Pure 190 proof, for molecular biology
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Sodium carbonate, ReagentPlus®, ≥99.5%
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Potassium chloride, ReagentPlus®, ≥99.0%