Thermally induced structural evolution and performance of mesoporous block copolymer-directed alumina perovskite solar cells.

Thermally induced structural evolution and performance of mesoporous block copolymer-directed alumina perovskite solar cells.

ACS nano (2014-04-02)

Kwan Wee Tan, David T Moore, Michael Saliba, Hiroaki Sai, Lara A Estroff, Tobias Hanrath, Henry J Snaith, Ulrich Wiesner

PMID24684494

ABSTRACT

Structure control in solution-processed hybrid perovskites is crucial to design and fabricate highly efficient solar cells. Here, we utilize in situ grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the structural evolution and film morphologies of methylammonium lead tri-iodide/chloride (CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x)) in mesoporous block copolymer derived alumina superstructures during thermal annealing. We show the CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x) material evolution to be characterized by three distinct structures: a crystalline precursor structure not described previously, a 3D perovskite structure, and a mixture of compounds resulting from degradation. Finally, we demonstrate how understanding the processing parameters provides the foundation needed for optimal perovskite film morphology and coverage, leading to enhanced block copolymer-directed perovskite solar cell performance.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

178810

Sigma-Aldrich

Tetrahydrofuran, ReagentPlus^®, ≥99.0%, contains 250 ppm BHT as inhibitor

132950

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, ReagentPlus^®, ≥99.8%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

32211

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, puriss. p.a., reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.0-99.4% (GC)

496189

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, biotech. grade, ≥99.8%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

537993

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, 99.9%

33120

Sigma-Aldrich

N,N-Dimethylformamide, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.8% (GC)

494488

Sigma-Aldrich

N,N-Dimethylformamide, biotech. grade, ≥99.9%

360589

Sigma-Aldrich

Tetrahydrofuran, contains 250 ppm BHT as inhibitor, ACS reagent, ≥99.0%

360465

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, ACS reagent, ≥99.4%

366919

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, ACS spectrophotometric grade, ≥99.8%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

24216

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, contains ethanol as stabilizer, meets analytical specification of BP, 99-99.4% (GC)

319988

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, contains ethanol as stabilizer, ACS reagent, ≥99.8%

472476

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, contains amylenes as stabilizer, ACS reagent, ≥99.8%

D158550

Sigma-Aldrich

N,N-Dimethylformamide, ReagentPlus^®, ≥99%

319937

Sigma-Aldrich

N,N-Dimethylformamide, ACS reagent, ≥99.8%

87368

Sigma-Aldrich

Tetrahydrofuran, contains 250 ppm BHT as inhibitor, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.9%

34867

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.7%

650471

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, HPLC Plus, for HPLC, GC, and residue analysis, ≥99.9%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

34854

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.8%, amylene stabilized

366927

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.8%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

34865

Sigma-Aldrich

Tetrahydrofuran, inhibitor-free, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.9%

PHR1070

Supelco

Dehydrated Alcohol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

687502

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium(IV) isopropoxide, packaged for use in deposition systems

72438

Supelco

N,N-Dimethylformamide, analytical standard

02487

Supelco

Chloroform, analytical standard

78445

Supelco

Tetrahydrofuran, analytical standard

06300

Supelco

Aluminum oxide, activated, neutral, Brockmann Activity I

87369

Supelco

Tetrahydrofuran, Selectophore^™, ≥99.5%

227056

Sigma-Aldrich

N,N-Dimethylformamide, anhydrous, 99.8%

372978

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, anhydrous, contains amylenes as stabilizer, ≥99%