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  • Assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of North of Portugal: occurrence and environmental risk.

Assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of North of Portugal: occurrence and environmental risk.

The Science of the total environment (2014-12-08)
Aleksandar Lolić, Paula Paíga, Lúcia H M L M Santos, Sandra Ramos, Manuela Correia, Cristina Delerue-Matos
ABSTRACT

The occurrence of seven pharmaceuticals and two metabolites belonging to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics therapeutic classes was studied in seawaters. A total of 101 samples covering fourteen beaches and five cities were evaluated in order to assess the spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals among north Portuguese coast. Seawaters were selected in order to embrace different bathing water quality (excellent, good and sufficient). Acetaminophen, ketoprofen and the metabolite hydroxyibuprofen were detected in all the seawater samples at maximum concentrations of 584, 89.7 and 287 ng L(-1), respectively. Carboxyibuprofen had the highest seawater concentration (1227 ng L(-1)). The temporal distribution of the selected pharmaceuticals during the bathing season showed that, in general, higher concentrations were detected in August and September. The environmental risk posed by the pharmaceuticals detected in seawaters towards different trophic levels (fish, daphnids and algae) was also assessed. Only diclofenac showed hazard quotients above one for fish, representing a potential risk for aquatic organisms. These results were observed in seawaters classified as excellent bathing water. Additional data is needed in order to support the identification and prioritization of risks posed by pharmaceuticals in marine environment.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Supelco
Ibuprofen
Paracetamol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Ibuprofen, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Acetylsalicylic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Ibuprofen for peak identification, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Supelco
Ibuprofen, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid solution, 32 wt. % in H2O, FCC
Sigma-Aldrich
Acetylsalicylic acid, analytical standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Ibuprofen, meets USP testing specifications
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid solution, 1.0 N, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture
Sigma-Aldrich
Ibuprofen, ≥98% (GC)
Supelco
Hydrochloric acid solution, volumetric, 0.1 M HCl (0.1N), endotoxin free
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, 36.5-38.0%, BioReagent, for molecular biology
Supelco
Hydrogen chloride – 2-propanol solution, ~1.25 M HCl (T), for GC derivatization, LiChropur
Supelco
Hydrogen chloride – ethanol solution, ~1.25 M HCl, for GC derivatization, LiChropur
Supelco
Hydrogen chloride – methanol solution, ~1.25 m HCl (T), for GC derivatization, LiChropur
USP
Ibuprofen, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid solution, ~6 M in H2O, for amino acid analysis
Sigma-Aldrich
Acetylsalicylic acid, ≥99.0%
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrogen chloride solution, 2.0 M in diethyl ether
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrogen chloride solution, 3 M in cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME)
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrogen chloride solution, 1.0 M in acetic acid
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrogen chloride solution, 4.0 M in dioxane
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, 37 wt. % in H2O, 99.999% trace metals basis
Supelco
Residual Solvent - Acetonitrile, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, NF, fuming, 36.5-38%
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, puriss., 24.5-26.0%
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., fuming, ≥37%, APHA: ≤10
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrogen chloride solution, 1.0 M in diethyl ether
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, ACS reagent, 37%