Genetic and molecular mechanisms of aluminum tolerance in plants.

Genetic and molecular mechanisms of aluminum tolerance in plants.

Genetics and molecular research : GMR (2012-08-08)

C C Simões, J O Melo, J V Magalhaes, C T Guimarães

ABSTRACT

Aluminum (Al) toxicity restricts root growth and agricultural yield in acid soils, which constitute approximately 40% of the potentially arable lands worldwide. The two main mechanisms of Al tolerance in plants are internal detoxification of Al and its exclusion from root cells. Genes encoding membrane transporters and accessory transcription factors, as well as cis-elements that enhance gene expression, are involved in Al tolerance in plants; thus studies of these genes and accessory factors should be the focus of molecular breeding efforts aimed at improving Al tolerance in crops. In this review, we describe the main genetic and molecular studies that led to the identification and cloning of genes associated with Al tolerance in plants. We include recent findings on the regulation of genes associated with Al tolerance. Understanding the genetic, molecular, and physiological aspects of Al tolerance in plants is important for generating cultivars adapted to acid soils, thereby contributing to food security worldwide.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

326887

Sigma-Aldrich

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326941

Sigma-Aldrich

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Sigma-Aldrich

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IRMM523C

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IRMM523B

Aluminum, IRMM^®, certified reference material, 1.0 mm foil

11009

Sigma-Aldrich

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433705

Sigma-Aldrich

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733369

Sigma-Aldrich

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GF31987525

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Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 52.3mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin glass fiber 0.75mm, 99.9%

GF85927056

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Aluminum, mesh, 900x900mm, nominal aperture 0.38mm, wire diameter 0.25mm, 40x40 wires/inch, open area 37%, plain weave mesh

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Aluminum, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 1.42mm, inside diameter 1.166mm, wall thickness 0.127mm, as drawn, 99.5%

GF73255237

Aluminum, rod, 200mm, diameter 20.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%

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Aluminum, sphere, 100pcs, diameter 3.0mm, aluminum alloy 2017 precision sphere, grade 200, 95.2%

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Aluminum, insulated wire, 2m, conductor diameter 0.1mm, insulation thickness 0.005mm, polyimide insulation, 99.95+%

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Aluminum, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 0.86mm, inside diameter 0.76mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, as drawn, 99.5%

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Aluminum, rod, 200mm, diameter 5.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%

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Aluminum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 3.0mm, inside diameter 1.62mm, wall thickness 0.69mm, hard, 99.5%

GF28125390

Aluminum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.30mm, inside diameter 0.2mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, as drawn, 99.5%

GF21896039

Aluminum, rod, 200mm, diameter 12.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%

GF93309037

Aluminum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 1.42mm, inside diameter 1.166mm, wall thickness 0.127mm, as drawn, 99.5%

GF52495500

Aluminum, tube, 0.1m coil, as drawn, outside diameter 0.30mm, inside diameter 0.2mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, 99.5%

GF54273944

Aluminum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 0.55mm, inside diameter 0.4mm, wall thickness 0.075mm, as drawn, 99.5%

GF12712610

Aluminum, sphere, 100pcs, diameter 6.0mm, 99%