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  • Hydroxypyri(mi)dine-based chelators as antidotes of toxicity due to aluminum and actinides.

Hydroxypyri(mi)dine-based chelators as antidotes of toxicity due to aluminum and actinides.

Current medicinal chemistry (2012-03-30)
M A Santos, M A Esteves, S Chaves
ABSTRACT

This review is focused on recent developments on hydroxypyri(mi)dines, as aluminum and actinide chelating agents to combat the toxicity due to accumulations of these metal ions in human body resulting from excessive metal exposure. After a brief update revision of the most common processes of aluminum (Al) exposure, as well as the associated toxicities and pathologies, we will focus on the current available Al chelators and future perspective as potential antidotes of Al toxicity. Due to the similarity between Al and Fe, a major emphasis is given to the hydroxypyridinone and hydroxypyrimidinone chelators, since they are analogues of the current iron chelators in clinical use (DFP and DFO). This review includes issues such as molecular design strategies and corresponding effects on the associated physico-chemical properties, lipo-hydrophilic balance, toxicity, in vivo bioassays and current clinical applications. The hydroxypyri(mi)dine chelators are also suitable for other hard metal ions, such as the radiotoxic actinides, and so a brief review is included on the applications of these chelators in actinides scavenging.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Aluminum, IRMM®, certified reference material, 1.0 mm foil
Aluminum, IRMM®, certified reference material, 1.0 mm wire
Sigma-Aldrich
Aluminum, pellets, 3-8 mesh, ≥99.999% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Aluminum, evaporation slug, diam. × L 6.3 mm × 6.3 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Aluminum, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Aluminum, granular, <1 mm, 99.7% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Aluminum, wire, diam. 0.58 mm, ≥99.99% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Aluminum, foil, thickness 8 μm, 99% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Aluminum, ACS reagent, 99%, wire, wire diam. ~1.5 mm
Sigma-Aldrich
Aluminum, ReagentPlus®, beads, 5-15 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis
Aluminum, sphere, 100pcs, diameter 6.0mm, 99%
Aluminum, rod, 500mm, diameter 5.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, rod, 200mm, diameter 20.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 20mm, cell size 3.2mm, cell wall 0.025mm, core density 0.072g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 5mm, cell size 13mm, cell wall 0.1mm, core density 0.062g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 26.5mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin carbon fiber / epoxy, 99.9%
Aluminum, foam, 150x150mm, thickness 6.35mm, bulk density 0.2g/cm3, porosity 0.93, 8 pores/cm, aluminum 6101 grade, 98.5%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 26.5mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin carbon fiber / epoxy, 99.9%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 13.9mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin aluminum 0.55mm, 99.9%
Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 5mm, cell size 19mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.029g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
Aluminum, insulated wire, 1m, conductor diameter 0.1mm, insulation thickness 0.005mm, polyimide insulation, 99.95+%
Aluminum, microleaf disks, 10mm, thinness 1.0μm, specific density 269.9μg/cm2, removable support, 99.999%
Aluminum, mesh, 900x900mm, nominal aperture 0.38mm, wire diameter 0.25mm, 40x40 wires/inch, open area 37%, plain weave mesh
Aluminum, microleaf disks, 25mm, thinness 0.25μm, specific density 68.8μg/cm2, removable support, 99.999%
Aluminum, microfoil, disks, 25mm, thinness 1.0μm, specific density 269.9μg/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5μm support, 99.999%
Aluminum, insulated wire, 2m, conductor diameter 0.1mm, insulation thickness 0.005mm, polyimide insulation, 99.95+%
Aluminum, rod, 200mm, diameter 5.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, microleaf disks, 25mm, thinness 0.15μm, specific density 41.28μg/cm2, removable support, 99.999%
Aluminum, microleaf disks, 25mm, thinness 0.5μm, specific density 120.6μg/cm2, removable support, 99.999%
Aluminum, tube, 0.1m coil, as drawn, outside diameter 0.30mm, inside diameter 0.2mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, 99.5%