Titration & Karl Fischer Analysis
What is Titration?
Titration is a quantitative, analytical technique in which a solution of known concentration, titrant, is used to determine the exact concentration of an unknown compound or purity of a substance. During a titration, the titrant is added dropwise to the dissolved sample, either manually with a glass burette or with a titrator. The titration is complete when enough titrant has been added to react with all the analyte in the sample. An excess of titrant ions is identified either through an indicator color change or change in the electric potential. This point for the completion of the chemical reaction is called the ‘equivalence point’ or ‘endpoint’. Ultimately, the exact amount of the analyte can be calculated from the volume of titrant consumed.
Featured Categories
Trustful titration results with volumetric solutions, innovative packaging, and RFID data transfer options.
Ensure rapid and accurate water determination with Aquastar® titrants. Discover Karl Fischer reagents, water standards, and solutions for reliable analysis.
Easily determine water content in solids, liquids, gases using Aquastar® reagents. Accurate results with our water standards for titrations.
Karl Fischer (KF) Titration
Karl Fischer titration is a widespread method used in quality and in-process control, production, research, and development to determine the amount of water in solid, liquid, or gas samples. Water can adversely affect quality, stability, and other physical and chemical properties of raw materials, intermediates, and finished goods. This rapid and accurate method can quantify water content in a variety of substances in concentrations from 10 ppm to 100%. Precise water determination is required by pharmacopoeias, food regulations, ISO guidelines, and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) methods to ensure the quality and stability of raw materials and finished products.
Karl Fischer Titration Methods
Both volumetric and the coulometric Karl Fischer titration methods use a bi-potentiometric endpoint detection to quantify iodine consumed by water in the sample. An excess of iodine in the titration cell leads to a potential change, indicating the end of the titration. At this point, the addition or generation of iodine is stopped. The coulometric method is preferred for low water content and for liquid samples; the volumetric method is used for solid and liquid samples and can be used for higher water content as well.
Visit our document search for data sheets, certificates and technical documentation.
Related Articles
- The titer determination or standardization of a titration solution is essential for accurate and reliable titration results.
- SmartChemicals enable wireless CoA data transfer, reducing human error in titration experiments.
- For volumetric and Karl Fischer titration, with our new SmartChemicals you can eliminate time-consuming steps and errors by transferring data wirelessly and instantly to your titrator.
- Methods including internal extraction, external extraction, and Karl Fischer oven ensure accurate water content determination by titration.
- New Aquastar® Karl Fischer Anolyte for precise and reproducible determination of low water content in the range of 10 ppm to 10000 ppm for cells without a diaphragm.
- See All (4)
Related Protocols
- Foodstuffs often provide a challenge for the water determination by Karl-Fischer. Instant Coffee is such a sample matrix and its water content has influence on quality and shelf life.
- Summary application report for analysis of moisture in Acetone
- Summary application report for analysis of moisture in Methanol
- Summary application report for analysis of moisture in Tablets
- Summary application report for analysis of moisture in Triethylamine
- See All (61)
Find More Articles and Protocols
How Can We Help
In case of any questions, please submit a customer support request
or talk to our customer service team:
Email custserv@sial.com
or call +1 (800) 244-1173
Additional Support
- Chromatogram Search
Use the Chromatogram Search to identify unknown compounds in your sample.
- Calculators & Apps
Web Toolbox - science research tools and resources for analytical chemistry, life science, chemical synthesis and materials science.
- Customer Support Request
Customer support including help with orders, products, accounts, and website technical issues.
- FAQ
Explore our Frequently Asked Questions for answers to commonly asked questions about our products and services.
To continue reading please sign in or create an account.
Don't Have An Account?