Recent developments and perspectives in palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides: synthesis of benzonitriles.

Recent developments and perspectives in palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides: synthesis of benzonitriles.

Chemical Society reviews (2011-04-30)

Pazhamalai Anbarasan, Thomas Schareina, Matthias Beller

ABSTRACT

The palladium-catalyzed cyanation of Ar-X (X = I, Br, Cl, OTf, and H) allows for an efficient access towards benzonitriles. After its discovery in 1973 and following significant improvements in recent decades, this methodology has become nowadays the most popular for preparation of substituted aromatic nitriles. In this critical review, we summarize the important developments in this area from 2000 until 2010 (151 references).

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

686468

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, nanopowder, <25 nm particle size (TEM), ≥99.5%

373206

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, evaporation slug, diam. × L 0.6 cm × 0.6 cm, 99.95% trace metals basis

348694

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, wire, diam. 0.5 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

348643

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 99.98% trace metals basis

267082

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, sponge, 99.9% trace metals basis

326666

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, <1 μm, ≥99.9% trace metals basis

287474

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

464651

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, <75 μm, 99.9% trace metals basis

203939

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, 99.995% trace metals basis

267120

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

267112

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

203998

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder or granules, 99.99% trace metals basis

348678

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

GF74894136

Palladium, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.25mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF44874995

Palladium, foil, light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.047mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF60084424

Palladium, foil, light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

GF94632576

Palladium, foil, light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.075mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF90427866

Palladium, foil, light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF23374661

Palladium, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.50mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF60234533

Palladium, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.25mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

GF22660264

Palladium, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.95%

GF02178761

Palladium, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.025mm, as drawn, 99.9%

GF19701503

Palladium, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.125mm, hard, 99.95%

GF51724784

Palladium, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.99+%

GF05176122

Palladium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.05mm, as drawn, 99.9%

GF12546581

Palladium, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.25mm, hard, 99.95%

GF24288790

Palladium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.25mm, hard, 99.95%

GF88744843

Palladium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.02mm, as drawn, 99.95%

GF99771261

Palladium, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.99+%

GF93105547

Palladium, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.02mm, as drawn, 99.95%