Isolation and identification of urinary metabolites of berberine in rats and humans.

The urinary metabolites of berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from several Chinese herbal medicines, were investigated in rats and humans. Using macroporous adsorption resin chromatography, open octadecyl silane column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, we isolated seven metabolites (HM1-HM7) from human urine and five metabolites (RM1-RM5) from rat urine after oral administration. Their structures were elucidated by enzymatic deconjugation and analyses of mass spectrometry, (1)H NMR, and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy spectra. Besides the three known metabolites demethyleneberberine-2-O-sulfate (HM1 and RM3), jatrorrhizine-3-O-sulfate (HM5), and thalifendine (RM5), six new metabolites were identified, namely, jatrorrhizine-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide (HM2), thalifendine-10-O-beta-D-glucuronide (HM3), berberrubine-9-O-beta-D-glucuronide (HM4 and RM2), 3,10-demethylpalmatine-10-O-sulfate (HM6 and RM4), columbamin-2-O-beta-D-glucuronide (HM7), and demethyleneberberine-2,3-di-O-beta-D-glucuronide (RM1). These findings suggest that berberine undergoes similar biotransformation in rats and humans. Possible metabolic pathways of berberine in rats and humans are proposed.