Recent developments and perspectives in palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides: synthesis of benzonitriles.

Recent developments and perspectives in palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides: synthesis of benzonitriles.

Chemical Society reviews (2011-04-30)

Pazhamalai Anbarasan, Thomas Schareina, Matthias Beller

ABSTRACT

The palladium-catalyzed cyanation of Ar-X (X = I, Br, Cl, OTf, and H) allows for an efficient access towards benzonitriles. After its discovery in 1973 and following significant improvements in recent decades, this methodology has become nowadays the most popular for preparation of substituted aromatic nitriles. In this critical review, we summarize the important developments in this area from 2000 until 2010 (151 references).

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

686468

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, nanopowder, <25 nm particle size (TEM), ≥99.5%

348678

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

348643

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 99.98% trace metals basis

203998

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder or granules, 99.99% trace metals basis

348694

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, wire, diam. 0.5 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

203939

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, 99.995% trace metals basis

267112

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

267120

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

267082

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, sponge, 99.9% trace metals basis

326666

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, <1 μm, ≥99.9% trace metals basis

287474

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

373206

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, evaporation slug, diam. × L 0.6 cm × 0.6 cm, 99.95% trace metals basis

464651

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, <75 μm, 99.9% trace metals basis

GF57528816

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.006mm, 99.95%

GF55924241

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

GF23374661

Palladium, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.50mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF62687795

Palladium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.125mm, hard, 99.95%

GF12546581

Palladium, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.25mm, hard, 99.95%

GF40398352

Palladium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.25mm, hard, 99.95%

GF02176332

Palladium, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.95%

GF06424398

Palladium, tube, 120mm, outside diameter 6mm, inside diameter 5mm, wall thickness 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.95%

GF52273852

Palladium, wire reel, 10m, diameter 0.025mm, as drawn, 99.9%

GF71407650

Palladium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.99+%

GF61398197

Palladium, wire reel, 0.05m, diameter 1.0mm, hard, 99.95%

GF92472688

Palladium, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 1.0mm, hard, 99.95%

GF02178761

Palladium, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.025mm, as drawn, 99.9%

GF05176122

Palladium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.05mm, as drawn, 99.9%

GF37597236

Palladium, wire reel, 20m, diameter 0.025mm, as drawn, 99.9%

GF99771261

Palladium, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.99+%

GF99541985

Palladium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 2.0mm, inside diameter 1.6mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, as drawn, 99.95%