Skip to Content

Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Food chemistry (2015-03-15)

Faiyaz Shakeel, Nazrul Haq, Nasir A Siddiqui

ABSTRACT

The solubility of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents namely water, ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ethyl acetate (EA), isopropanol (IPA), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), Transcutol, butanol-1 and butanol-2 was measured and correlated at T=(298-318)K. The resulting experimental data were correlated with the modified Apelblat and Van't Hoff models. Both the models showed good correlation of experimental solubility data with calculated ones with root mean square deviations in the range of (0.08-1.55)%. The mole fraction solubility of vanillin was observed highest in PEG-400 (4.29 × 10(-1) at 298 K) followed by Transcutol, EA, butanol-2, ethanol, EG, PG, IPA, butanol-1 and water from T=(298-318)K. The results of thermodynamic function in terms of dissolution enthalpy, Gibbs energy and dissolution entropy showed endothermic, spontaneous and entropy-driven dissolution of vanillin in all environmentally benign solvents.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, electronic grade, 99.999% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, tested according to Ph. Eur.

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, ≥99.5% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

1,3-Propanediol, 98%

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Supelco

1,2-Propanediol, analytical standard

Supelco

Acetonitrile, analytical standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, HPLC Plus, ≥99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC, gradient grade, ≥99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure 200 proof, for molecular biology

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, suitable for DNA synthesis, ≥99.9% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, biotech. grade, ≥99.93%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC, gradient grade, ≥99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, ReagentPlus^®, 99%

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Butyl alcohol, natural, ≥99.5%, FCC, FG

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, anhydrous, 99.8%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, HPLC Plus, ≥99.9%, poly-coated bottles

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, ≥99.5% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, ReagentPlus^®, 99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol, puriss. p.a., absolute, ≥99.8% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Ultrapure Acetonitrile

USP

Residual Solvent Class 2 - Acetonitrile, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC-GC, ≥99.8% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, for HPLC, for UV, ≥99.9% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile solution, contains 10.0% acetone, 0.05% formic acid, 40.0% 2-propanol

Supelco

Dehydrated Alcohol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Supelco

Propylene glycol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material