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Genetic and molecular mechanisms of aluminum tolerance in plants.

Genetics and molecular research : GMR (2012-08-08)
C C Simões, J O Melo, J V Magalhaes, C T Guimarães
ABSTRACT

Aluminum (Al) toxicity restricts root growth and agricultural yield in acid soils, which constitute approximately 40% of the potentially arable lands worldwide. The two main mechanisms of Al tolerance in plants are internal detoxification of Al and its exclusion from root cells. Genes encoding membrane transporters and accessory transcription factors, as well as cis-elements that enhance gene expression, are involved in Al tolerance in plants; thus studies of these genes and accessory factors should be the focus of molecular breeding efforts aimed at improving Al tolerance in crops. In this review, we describe the main genetic and molecular studies that led to the identification and cloning of genes associated with Al tolerance in plants. We include recent findings on the regulation of genes associated with Al tolerance. Understanding the genetic, molecular, and physiological aspects of Al tolerance in plants is important for generating cultivars adapted to acid soils, thereby contributing to food security worldwide.

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Aluminum, IRMM®, certified reference material, 1.0 mm foil
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Aluminum, IRMM®, certified reference material, 1.0 mm wire
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Aluminum, powder, ≥91% (complexometric)
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Aluminum, wire, diam. 0.58 mm, ≥99.99% trace metals basis
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Aluminum, ≤30 μm, spherical powder, ≥99%
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Aluminum, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis
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Aluminum, wire reel, 10m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.999%
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Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 52.3mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin glass fiber 0.75mm, 99.9%
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Aluminum, foam, 150x150mm, thickness 30mm, bulk density 0.2g/cm3, porosity 0.93, aluminum 6101 grade, 98.5%
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Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 13.9mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin aluminum 0.55mm, 99.9%
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Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 5mm, cell size 13mm, cell wall 0.1mm, core density 0.062g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
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Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 26.5mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin aluminum 0.55mm, 99.9%
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Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 5mm, cell size 3.2mm, cell wall 0.025mm, core density 0.072g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
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Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 26.5mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin carbon fiber / epoxy, 99.9%
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Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 10mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm3, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%
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Aluminum, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 0.86mm, inside diameter 0.76mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, as drawn, 99.5%
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Aluminum, microfoil, disks, 25mm, thinness 1.0μm, specific density 269.9μg/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5μm support, 99.999%
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Aluminum, sphere, 100pcs, diameter 2.5mm, aluminum alloy 2017 precision sphere, grade 200, 95.2%
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