Recent developments and perspectives in palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides: synthesis of benzonitriles.

Recent developments and perspectives in palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides: synthesis of benzonitriles.

Chemical Society reviews (2011-04-30)

Pazhamalai Anbarasan, Thomas Schareina, Matthias Beller

ABSTRACT

The palladium-catalyzed cyanation of Ar-X (X = I, Br, Cl, OTf, and H) allows for an efficient access towards benzonitriles. After its discovery in 1973 and following significant improvements in recent decades, this methodology has become nowadays the most popular for preparation of substituted aromatic nitriles. In this critical review, we summarize the important developments in this area from 2000 until 2010 (151 references).

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

686468

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, nanopowder, <25 nm particle size (TEM), ≥99.5%

287474

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

464651

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, <75 μm, 99.9% trace metals basis

203998

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder or granules, 99.99% trace metals basis

203939

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, 99.995% trace metals basis

348678

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

348643

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 99.98% trace metals basis

348694

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, wire, diam. 0.5 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

267082

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, sponge, 99.9% trace metals basis

267112

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

267120

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

373206

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, evaporation slug, diam. × L 0.6 cm × 0.6 cm, 99.95% trace metals basis

326666

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, <1 μm, ≥99.9% trace metals basis

GF60084424

Palladium, foil, light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

GF94632576

Palladium, foil, light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.075mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF23374661

Palladium, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.50mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF74894136

Palladium, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.25mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF57528816

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.006mm, 99.95%

GF55245821

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

GF69074916

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.00075mm, permanent polyester support, 99.75%

GF55924241

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

GF90427866

Palladium, foil, light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF44874995

Palladium, foil, light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.047mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF71571270

Palladium, foil, 4mm disks, thickness 0.0125mm, 99.95%

GF50856352

Palladium, foil, 15mm disks, thickness 0.006mm, 99.95%

GF62571236

Palladium, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

GF71821212

Palladium, foil, 4mm disks, thickness 0.047mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF50184558

Palladium, foil, 15mm disks, thickness 0.02mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF40284503

Palladium, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.1mm, coil width 2mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF60369228

Palladium, foil, 100x100mm, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.95%