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  • Enhanced toxicity of binary mixtures of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and three essential oil major constituents to wild Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Enhanced toxicity of binary mixtures of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and three essential oil major constituents to wild Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Journal of medical entomology (2014-08-15)
Kyu-Sik Chang, E-Hyun Shin, Dae-Hyun Yoo, Young-Joon Ahn
ABSTRACT

An assessment was made of the toxicity of 12 insecticides and three essential oils as well as Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) alone or in combination with the oil major constituents (E)-anethole (AN), (E) -cinnamaldehyde (CA), and eugenol (EU; 1:1 ratio) to third instars of bamboo forest-collected Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and rice paddy field-collected Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann. An. sinensis larvae were resistant to various groups of the tested insecticides. Based on 24-h LC50 values, binary mixtures of Bti and CA, AN, or EU were significantly more toxic against Ae. albopictus larvae (0.0084, 0.0134, and 0.0237 mg/liter) and An. sinensis larvae (0.0159, 0.0388, and 0.0541 mg/liter) than either Bti (1.7884 and 2.1681 mg/liter) or CA (11.46 and 18.56 mg/liter), AN (16.66 and 25.11 mg/liter), or EU (24.60 and 31.09 mg/liter) alone. As judged by cotoxicity coefficient (CC) and synergistic factor (SF), the three binary mixtures operated in a synergy pattern (CC, 140.7-368.3 and SF, 0.0007-0.0010 for Ae. albopictus; CC, 75.1-245.3 and SF, 0.0008-0.0017 for An. sinensis). Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic insecticides in the aquatic environment justify further studies on the binary mixtures of Bti and essential oil constituents described, in particular CA, as potential larvicides for the control of malaria vector mosquito populations.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Supelco
Chlorpyrifos, certified reference material, TraceCERT®, Manufactured by: Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Switzerland
Supelco
trans-Anethole, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Supelco
Eugenol, certified reference material, TraceCERT®, Manufactured by: Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Switzerland
Sigma-Aldrich
trans-Anethole, 99%
Sigma-Aldrich
trans-Anethole, ≥99%, FCC, FG
Supelco
Bifenthrin, PESTANAL®, analytical standard, mixture of isomers
Supelco
Fenitrothion, PESTANAL®, analytical standard
Supelco
Chlorpyrifos, PESTANAL®, analytical standard
Supelco
Eugenol, PESTANAL®, analytical standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Eugenol, ReagentPlus®, 99%
Supelco
Chlorfenapyr, PESTANAL®, analytical standard
Supelco
trans-Anethole, analytical standard
Eugenol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Cinnamaldehyde, natural, ≥95%, FG
Supelco
Eugenol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Sigma-Aldrich
Eugenol, ≥98%, FCC, FG
Sigma-Aldrich
Eugenol, natural, ≥98%, FG
Sigma-Aldrich
trans-Cinnamaldehyde, ≥99%
Supelco
Fenthion, PESTANAL®, analytical standard
Sigma-Aldrich
trans-Cinnamaldehyde, 97%
Sigma-Aldrich
trans-Cinnamaldehyde, FCC, FG
Supelco
Deltamethrin, PESTANAL®, analytical standard
Supelco
Etofenprox, PESTANAL®, analytical standard
Supelco
trans-Cinnamaldehyde, analytical standard
Supelco
Deltamethrin, certified reference material, TraceCERT®, Manufactured by: Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Switzerland
Supelco
Temephos, PESTANAL®, analytical standard
Supelco
Permethrin, PESTANAL®, analytical standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Anethol, natural, 99%, FG