Long chain diamines inhibit growth of C6 glioma cells according to their hydrophobicity. An in vitro and molecular modeling study.

A series of diamines with the general structure NH2(CH2)xNH2, x=2-12, was tested for their potential effects on cell proliferation of cultured rat C6 glioma cells in comparison to natural polyamines. Long chain diamines reduced cell number after 48 h in culture with a sequence of 1,12-diaminododecane (1,12-DD) >1,10-diaminodecane >1,9-diaminononane. Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) as well as diamines up to a CH2-chain length of x=8 were found to be ineffective. The spermine analogue 1,12-DD was the most effective molecule in reducing cell number in an irreversible, dose-dependent manner (EC50=3 microM under serum-free conditions). In further experiments we investigated the mechanisms of action of 1,12-DD. The compound had only a minor effect on cell cycle and did not affect free internal calcium concentration. Under physiological conditions 1,12-DD interacts with triplex DNA but not with duplex DNA. Ornithine decarboxylase activity as well as the concentration of internal polyamines were found to be reduced by 1,12-DD. Polyamine application, however, was not able to reverse the effect of 1,12-DD, indicating a polyamine-independent or non-competitive mechanism of action. 1,12-DD reduced cell number by induction of apoptosis as well as necrosis. In molecular modeling studies it was found that a minimal hydrophobic intersegment of at least 4 A was required to make a diamine an effective drug in respect to cellular growth. A hydrophobic gap of this size fits the minimum requirement expected from molecular modeling to provide space for hydrophobic interactions with parts of proteins like a CH3-group. Our results show that 1,12-DD acts as a potent drug, reducing the number of C6 glioma cells, and suggest that its spatial and hydrophobic properties are responsible for its mechanism of action.