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  • Treatable childhood neuronopathy caused by mutations in riboflavin transporter RFVT2.

Treatable childhood neuronopathy caused by mutations in riboflavin transporter RFVT2.

Brain : a journal of neurology (2013-11-21)
A Reghan Foley, Manoj P Menezes, Amelie Pandraud, Michael A Gonzalez, Ahmad Al-Odaib, Alexander J Abrams, Kumiko Sugano, Atsushi Yonezawa, Adnan Y Manzur, Joshua Burns, Imelda Hughes, B Gary McCullagh, Heinz Jungbluth, Ming J Lim, Jean-Pierre Lin, Andre Megarbane, J Andoni Urtizberea, Ayaz H Shah, Jayne Antony, Richard Webster, Alexander Broomfield, Joanne Ng, Ann A Mathew, James J O'Byrne, Eva Forman, Mariacristina Scoto, Manish Prasad, Katherine O'Brien, Simon Olpin, Marcus Oppenheim, Iain Hargreaves, John M Land, Min X Wang, Kevin Carpenter, Rita Horvath, Volker Straub, Monkol Lek, Wendy Gold, Michael O Farrell, Sebastian Brandner, Rahul Phadke, Kazuo Matsubara, Michael L McGarvey, Steven S Scherer, Peter S Baxter, Mary D King, Peter Clayton, Shamima Rahman, Mary M Reilly, Robert A Ouvrier, John Christodoulou, Stephan Züchner, Francesco Muntoni, Henry Houlden
ABSTRACT

Childhood onset motor neuron diseases or neuronopathies are a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders. A particularly severe subgroup first described in 1894, and subsequently called Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome, is characterized by progressive pontobulbar palsy, sensorineural hearing loss and respiratory insufficiency. There has been no treatment for this progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which leads to respiratory failure and usually death during childhood. We recently reported the identification of SLC52A2, encoding riboflavin transporter RFVT2, as a new causative gene for Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome. We used both exome and Sanger sequencing to identify SLC52A2 mutations in patients presenting with cranial neuropathies and sensorimotor neuropathy with or without respiratory insufficiency. We undertook clinical, neurophysiological and biochemical characterization of patients with mutations in SLC52A2, functionally analysed the most prevalent mutations and initiated a regimen of high-dose oral riboflavin. We identified 18 patients from 13 families with compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in SLC52A2. Affected individuals share a core phenotype of rapidly progressive axonal sensorimotor neuropathy (manifesting with sensory ataxia, severe weakness of the upper limbs and axial muscles with distinctly preserved strength of the lower limbs), hearing loss, optic atrophy and respiratory insufficiency. We demonstrate that SLC52A2 mutations cause reduced riboflavin uptake and reduced riboflavin transporter protein expression, and we report the response to high-dose oral riboflavin therapy in patients with SLC52A2 mutations, including significant and sustained clinical and biochemical improvements in two patients and preliminary clinical response data in 13 patients with associated biochemical improvements in 10 patients. The clinical and biochemical responses of this SLC52A2-specific cohort suggest that riboflavin supplementation can ameliorate the progression of this neurodegenerative condition, particularly when initiated soon after the onset of symptoms.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Supelco
Riboflavin, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
(−)-Riboflavin, meets USP testing specifications
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
(−)-Riboflavin, from Eremothecium ashbyii, ≥98%
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
(−)-Riboflavin, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, ≥98%
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Riboflavin, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Supelco
Riboflavin (B2), analytical standard
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Sigma-Aldrich
L-Carnitine inner salt, synthetic, ≥98%
Pricing and availability is not currently available.
Levocarnitine, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Pricing and availability is not currently available.