Single-cell analysis of the human pancreas in type 2 diabetes using multi-spectral imaging mass cytometry.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic age-related disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to the failure of pancreatic beta cells to compensate for increased insulin demand. Despite decades of research, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying T2D remain poorly defined. Here, we use imaging mass cytometry (IMC) with a panel of 34 antibodies to simultaneously quantify markers of pancreatic exocrine, islet, and immune cells and stromal components. We analyze over 2 million cells from 16 pancreata obtained from donors with T2D and 13 pancreata from age-similar non-diabetic controls. In the T2D pancreata, we observe significant alterations in islet architecture, endocrine cell composition, and immune cell constituents. Thus, both HLA-DR-positive CD8 T cells and macrophages are enriched intra-islet in the T2D pancreas. These efforts demonstrate the utility of IMC for investigating complex events at the cellular level in order to provide insights into the pathophysiology of T2D.