Sputtering is a process whereby atoms are ejected from a solid target material due to bombardment of the target by energetic particles. The extreme miniaturization of components in the semiconductor and electronics industry requires high purity sputtering targets for thin film deposition.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 73(6), 1099-1113 (2010-09-16)
Tungsten is a widely used transition metal that has not been thoroughly investigated with regards to its ecotoxicological effects. Tungsten anions polymerize in environmental systems as well as under physiological conditions in living organisms. These polymerization/condensation reactions result in the
The superior colliculus is a layered structure important for body- and gaze-orienting responses. Its superficial layer is, next to the lateral geniculate nucleus, the second major target of retinal ganglion axons and is retinotopically organized. Here we show that in
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1125, 215-229 (2007-12-22)
The history and changing function of tungsten as the heaviest element in biological systems is given. It starts from an inhibitory element/anion, especially for the iron molybdenum-cofactor (FeMoCo)-containing enzyme nitrogenase involved in dinitrogen fixation, as well as for the many
There is emerging evidence that tungsten has toxic health effects. We summarize the recent tungsten toxicity research in this short review. Tungsten is widely used in many commercial and military applications because it has the second highest melting temperature of
The toxicity of nanomaterials has been well known, but mechanisms involved have been little known. This study was aimed at looking at direct interaction between nanomaterials and naked DNA for some fundamental understanding. Two different types of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes
The properties of many devices are limited by the intrinsic properties of the materials that compose them.
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