Skip to Content
Merck
  • Permissive hypertension during awake eversion carotid endarterectomy: a physiologic approach for cerebral protection.

Permissive hypertension during awake eversion carotid endarterectomy: a physiologic approach for cerebral protection.

Journal of the American College of Surgeons (2014-03-25)
Christopher J LeSar, L Richard Sprouse, William B Harris
ABSTRACT

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is often completed with general anesthesia and routine shunting; however, shunting is only required in a small group of at-risk patients to maintain adequate cerebral perfusion. Selective shunting during CEA is performed to normalize cerebral hemodynamics for patients determined to be at risk. Eversion CEA with selective shunting for neurologic dysfunction in patients that are awake/sedated is described, as well as routine use of permissive hypertension (PH), which uses standard cardiovascular medications to recruit the cerebral collateral network and reduce the need for shunting. A retrospective review of all CEA procedures performed from July 2006 to April 2013 was conducted. Procedures were divided into 3 groups: pre-PH phase (group A), PH-test phase (group B), and routine PH phase (group C). Operative reports and anesthesia documentation were reviewed for clamp time, need for shunting, and mean hemodynamics during each case. During the study period, 232 CEAs met inclusion criteria and were divided into 3 groups: group A (n = 75) was predominate reactionary shunting, group B (n = 41) was predominate reactionary blood pressure augmentation, and group C (n = 116) was pre-emptive PH. When combining groups A and B, the at-risk group consisted of 21 of 116 (18.1%) patients who had a neurologic compromise develop after clamping the internal carotid artery and required a shunt or altered blood pressure hemodynamics. In comparison with group C, routine use of PH pre-emptively before clamping as a standard intraoperative technique led to need for shunting in 1 of 116 (0.86%) (p ≤ 0.001) and significantly reduced operative time (p ≤ 0.0001). Routine use of PH during clamp time can recruit the cerebral collateral network and substantially reduce the at-risk group and need for shunting in awake/sedated patients.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Supelco
Phenylephrine Hydrochloride, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
SKU
Pack Size
Availability
Price
Quantity
Phenylephrine hydrochloride, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
SKU
Pack Size
Availability
Price
Quantity
Sigma-Aldrich
(R)-(−)-Phenylephrine hydrochloride, analytical standard
SKU
Pack Size
Availability
Price
Quantity
Sigma-Aldrich
(R)-(−)-Phenylephrine hydrochloride, powder
SKU
Pack Size
Availability
Price
Quantity
Supelco
R-(-)-Phenylephrine hydrochloride solution, 1.0 mg/mL in methanol (as free base), ampule of 1 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
SKU
Pack Size
Availability
Price
Quantity
Phenylephrine, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
SKU
Pack Size
Availability
Price
Quantity
Phenylephrine hydrochloride for peak identification, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
SKU
Pack Size
Availability
Price
Quantity