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Merck

Modulation of colon cancer by nutmeg.

Journal of proteome research (2015-02-26)
Fei Li, Xiu-Wei Yang, Kristopher W Krausz, Robert G Nichols, Wei Xu, Andrew D Patterson, Frank J Gonzalez
ABSTRACT

Colon cancer is the most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in humans. Using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, the current study revealed the accumulation of four uremic toxins (cresol sulfate, cresol glucuronide, indoxyl sulfate, and phenyl sulfate) in the serum of mice harboring adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene mutation-induced colon cancer. These uremic toxins, likely generated from the gut microbiota, were associated with an increase in the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and a disorder of lipid metabolism. Nutmeg, which exhibits antimicrobial activity, attenuated the levels of uremic toxins and decreased intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc(min/+) mice. Nutmeg-treated Apc(min/+) mice had decreased IL-6 levels and normalized dysregulated lipid metabolism, suggesting that uremic toxins are responsible, in part, for the metabolic disorders that occur during tumorigenesis. These studies demonstrate a potential biochemical link among gut microbial metabolism, inflammation, and metabolic disorders and suggest that modulation of gut microbiota and lipid metabolism using dietary intervention or drugs may be effective in colon cancer chemoprevention strategies.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

USP
Palmitic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Supelco
Palmitic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Supelco
Palmitic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT®, Manufactured by: Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Switzerland
Sigma-Aldrich
Edelfosine, ≥95% (HPLC)
Palmitic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Palmitic acid, ≥98% palmitic acid basis (GC)
Supelco
Palmitic acid, analytical standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanolamine, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, ≥99.0% (GC/NT)
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanolamine, purified by redistillation, ≥99.5%
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanolamine, ACS reagent, ≥99.0%
Supelco
Palmitoleic acid, analytical standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Linoleic acid, technical, 58-74% (GC)
Supelco
Ethanolamine, analytical standard
Supelco
Aucubin, analytical standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Palmitic acid, ≥98%, FCC, FG
Sigma-Aldrich
Sodium trichloroacetate, 97%
Sigma-Aldrich
Linoleic acid, liquid, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture
Sigma-Aldrich
Palmitic acid, ≥99%
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanolamine, ≥98%
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanolamine, liquid, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, ≥98%
Sigma-Aldrich
Palmitoleic acid, ≥98.5% (GC), liquid
Sigma-Aldrich
Palmitic acid, BioXtra, ≥99%
Aucubin, primary reference standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Palmitic acid, natural, 98%, FG
Sigma-Aldrich
Linoleic acid, ≥99%
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanolamine, ≥99%
Supelco
Linoleic acid, analytical standard
Supelco
Residual Solvent - Acetonitrile, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Supelco
Citric acid, Anhydrous, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Citric acid, anhydrous, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard