Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce an adaptive inflammatory response and invasion and proliferation of lung epithelial cells in chorioallantoic membrane.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce an adaptive inflammatory response and invasion and proliferation of lung epithelial cells in chorioallantoic membrane.

Environmental research (2014-12-03)

Estefany I Medina-Reyes, Alejandro Déciga-Alcaraz, Verónica Freyre-Fonseca, Norma L Delgado-Buenrostro, José O Flores-Flores, Gustavo F Gutiérrez-López, Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez, Claudia M García-Cuéllar, José Pedraza-Chaverri, Yolanda I Chirino

PMID25460664

ABSTRACT

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) studies have been performed using relatively high NPs concentration under acute exposure and limited studies have compared shape effects. We hypothesized that midterm exposure to low TiO2 NPs concentration in lung epithelial cells induces carcinogenic characteristics modulated partially by NPs shape. To test our hypothesis we synthesized NPs shaped as belts (TiO2-B) using TiO2 spheres (TiO2-SP) purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. Then, lung epithelial A549 cells were low-exposed (10 µg/cm(2)) to both shapes during 7 days and internalization, cytokine release and invasive potential were determined. Results showed greater TiO2-B effect on agglomerates size, cell size and granularity than TiO2-SP. Agglomerates size in cell culture medium was 310 nm and 454 nm for TiO2-SP and TiO2-B, respectively; TiO2-SP and TiO2-B induced 23% and 70% cell size decrease, respectively, whilst TiO2-SP and TiO2-B induced 7 and 14-fold of granularity increase. NOx production was down-regulated (31%) by TiO2-SP and up-regulated (70%) by TiO2-B. Both NPs induced a transient cytokine release (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) after 4 days, but cytokines returned to basal levels in TiO2-SP exposed cells while TiO2-B induced a down-regulation after 7 days. Midterm exposure to both shapes of NPs induced capability to degrade cellular extracellular matrix components from chorioallantoic membrane and Ki-67 marker showed that TiO2-B had higher proliferative potential than TiO2-SP. We conclude that midterm exposure to low NPs concentration of NPs has an impact in the acquisition of new characteristics of exposed cells and NPs shape influences cellular outcome.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

700347

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium(IV) oxide, mixture of rutile and anatase, nanoparticles, <150 nm particle size (volume distribution, DLS), dispersion, 40 wt. % in H₂O, 99.5% trace metals basis

637262

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, nanopowder, <100 nm particle size, 99.5% trace metals basis

634662

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium(IV) oxide, mixture of rutile and anatase, nanopowder, <100 nm particle size (BET), 99.5% trace metals basis

IRMM531B

Titanium, IRMM^®, certified reference material, 0.5 mm foil

635057

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, <001>, (single crystal substrate), ≥99.9% trace metals basis, L × W × thickness 10 mm × 10 mm × 0.5 mm

348791

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium, foil, thickness 0.127 mm, 99.7% trace metals basis

266035

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis

IRMM531C

Titanium, IRMM^®, certified reference material, 0.5 mm wire

224227

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, powder, <5 μm, ≥99.9% trace metals basis

204730

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, 99.995% trace metals basis

204757

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, ≥99.98% trace metals basis

369489

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium, foil, thickness 2.0 mm, 99.7% trace metals basis

267902

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium, wire, diam. 0.81 mm, 99.7% trace metals basis

460400

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium, wire, diam. 0.25 mm, 99.7% trace metals basis

305812

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium, 5-10 mm, ≥99.99% trace metals basis (purity exclusive of Na and K content)

348848

Sigma-Aldrich

Titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 99.98% trace metals basis

GF65336700

Titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 2mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF76772391

Titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 10mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF87716997

Titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 16mm, as drawn, 99.99+%

GF06082286

Titanium, microfoil, disks, 10mm, thinness 1.0μm, specific density 429μg/cm², permanent mylar 3.5μm support, 99.6+%

GF03916290

Titanium, rod, 490mm, diameter 2mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF68670366

Titanium, tube, 1220mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.55mm, wall thickness 0.24mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF82517722

Titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 6.35mm, inside diameter 4.57mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF50171318

Titanium, rod, 25mm, diameter 16mm, as drawn, 99.99+%

GF03838282

Titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 1.5mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF04311638

Titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 6mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF25290581

Titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 25.4mm, inside diameter 23.62mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF20882998

Titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 5mm, annealed, 99.6+%

GF65694426

Titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 1.6mm, inside diameter 1.2mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, hard, 99.6+%

GF54978249

Titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 4mm, annealed, 99.6+%