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  • Comparison of the Biological Impacts of the Fluoride Compounds by Graphical Risk Visualization Map Technique.

Comparison of the Biological Impacts of the Fluoride Compounds by Graphical Risk Visualization Map Technique.

Biological trace element research (2015-03-10)
Kan Usuda, Rei Kono, Takaaki Ueno, Yuichi Ito, Tomotaro Dote, Hirotaka Yokoyama, Koichi Kono, Junko Tamaki
ABSTRACT

Various fluoride compounds are widely used in industry. The present risk assessment study was conducted using a series of inorganic binary fluorides of the type XFn, where X(n) = Na(+), K(+), Li(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+), Al(3+), Nd(3+), La(3+), Ce(3+), Sm(3+), Gd(3+), Y(3+), Yb(2+), and Zn(2+). The aqueous solutions of these salts were orally administrated to 16 experimental groups (one for each of the salts tested). The levels of fluoride, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase in cumulative 24-h urine samples and creatinine clearance were measured to assess possible acute renal damages. The levels of fluoride, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were also determined in serum samples to assess possible acute hepatic damages. The results reveal that sodium fluoride (NaF), potassium fluoride (KF), and zinc fluoride tetrahydrate (ZnF2 (.)4H2O) can carry the fluoride ion into the bloodstream and that it is excreted via urine more readily than the other compounds tested. These fluorides were assigned the highest risk impact factor. Most of the rare earth fluorides are insoluble in water while those groups 2 and 13 of the periodic table are slightly soluble, so that they do not have a significant negative risk. These findings suggest that the biological impact of fluoride depends on the accompanying counter ion and its solubility. The risk map obtained in the present study shows that the graphical visualization map technique employed is a valuable new tool to assess the toxicological risk of chemical compounds.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich
Sodium Fluoride Solution
Sigma-Aldrich
Lithium fluoride, powder, <100 μm, ≥99.98% trace metals basis
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Neodymium(III) fluoride, anhydrous, powder, 99.99% trace metals basis
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Lithium fluoride, powder, -300 mesh
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Lithium fluoride, ≥99.99% trace metals basis
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Potassium fluoride, anhydrous, powder, ≥99.9% trace metals basis
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Potassium fluoride, ≥99.97% trace metals basis
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Potassium fluoride, BioUltra, ≥99.5% (F)
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Lithium fluoride, Precipitated, 99.995%
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Sodium fluoride, JIS special grade, ≥99.0%
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Barium fluoride, precipitated, 99.95% trace metals basis
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Lanthanum(III) fluoride, anhydrous, powder, 99.99% trace metals basis
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Strontium fluoride, anhydrous, powder, 99.9% trace metals basis
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Barium fluoride, 99.99% trace metals basis
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Magnesium fluoride, technical grade
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Ytterbium(III) fluoride, anhydrous, powder, 99.98% trace metals basis
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Aluminum fluoride, anhydrous, powder, 99.8% trace metals basis
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Sodium fluoride, 99.99% trace metals basis
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Lithium-7Li fluoride, 99 atom % 7Li, 99% (CP)
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Magnesium fluoride, pieces, 3-6 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis (excluding Na)
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Cerium(III) fluoride, anhydrous, powder, 99.99% trace metals basis
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Calcium fluoride, random crystals, optical grade, 99.99% trace metals basis
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Sodium fluoride, BioXtra, ≥99%
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Sodium fluoride, BioReagent, suitable for insect cell culture, ≥99%
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Calcium fluoride, anhydrous, powder, 99.99% trace metals basis
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Magnesium fluoride, random crystals, optical grade, ≥99.99% trace metals basis