Parameters Affecting Continuous In Vitro Culture of Treponema pallidum Strains.

The bacterium that causes syphilis, Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, has now been cultured in vitro continuously for periods exceeding 3 years using a system consisting of coculture with Sf1Ep rabbit epithelial cells in TpCM-2 medium and a low-oxygen environment. In addition, long-term culture of several other syphilis isolates (SS14, Mexico A, UW231B, and UW249B) and the T. pallidum subsp. endemicum Bosnia A strain has been achieved. During in vitro passage, T. pallidum subsp. pallidum exhibited a typical bacterial growth curve with logarithmic and stationary phases. Sf1Ep cells are required for sustained growth and motility; however, high initial Sf1Ep cell numbers resulted in reduced multiplication and survival. Use of Eagle's minimal essential medium as the basal medium was not effective in sustaining growth of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum beyond the first passage, whereas CMRL 1066 or M199 supported long-term culture, confirming that additional nutrients present in these more complex basal media are required for long-term culture. T. pallidum subsp. pallidum growth was dependent upon the presence of fetal bovine serum, with 20% (vol/vol) being the optimal concentration. Omission of reactive oxygen species scavengers dithiothreitol, d-mannitol, or l-histidine did not dramatically affect survival or growth. Additionally, T. pallidum subsp. pallidum can be successfully cultured in a Brewer jar instead of a specialized low-oxygen incubator. Phosphomycin or amphotericin B can be added to the medium to aid in the prevention of bacterial or fungal contamination, respectively. These results help define the parameters of the T. pallidum subsp. pallidum culture system that are required for sustained, long-term survival and multiplication.IMPORTANCE Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum Until recently, this pathogen could only be maintained through infection of rabbits or other animals, making study of this important human pathogen challenging and costly. T. pallidum subsp. pallidum has now been successfully cultured for over 3 years in a tissue culture system using a medium called TpCM-2. Here, we further define the growth requirements of this important human pathogen, promoting a better understanding of the biology of this fastidious organism.