A review of tungsten: from environmental obscurity to scrutiny.

A review of tungsten: from environmental obscurity to scrutiny.

Journal of hazardous materials (2005-12-14)

A Koutsospyros, W Braida, C Christodoulatos, D Dermatas, N Strigul

ABSTRACT

Since its discovery, tungsten, a transition element of Group VIb of the Periodic Table of Elements, and its compounds have been considered environmentally benign. Its presence in biological and drinking water samples in Fallon, Nevada, an acute lymphocytic leukemia cluster struck community has alarmed public health, environmental and regulatory agencies. Tungsten, a metal of extraordinary properties that make it hardly substitutable, is considered an essential commodity with a wide variety of uses stretching from household necessities to highly specialized applications. This work is undertaken in order to explore aspects of environmental behavior of tungsten and its compounds. Occurrence data in terrestrial, atmospheric, aquatic and biotic systems are presented. Various aspects of environmental chemistry, fate transport across environmental interfaces and toxicology are discussed with the objective of identifying knowledge gaps and outlining directions for future research.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

267511

Sigma-Aldrich

Tungsten, powder, 12 μm, 99.9% trace metals basis

267546

Sigma-Aldrich

Tungsten, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, ≥99.9% trace metals basis

GF36484229

Tungsten, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.04mm, coil width 0.7mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF07832729

Tungsten, foil, 0.2m coil, thickness 0.6mm, coil width 1mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF18740550

Tungsten, foil, 1m coil, thickness 0.035mm, coil width 1.5mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF19334156

Tungsten, foil, 2m coil, thickness 0.05mm, coil width 1.5mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF20592604

Tungsten, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF53796459

Tungsten, foil, 100x100mm, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF68135025

Tungsten, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.6mm, coil width 1mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF01998243

Tungsten, foil, 2m coil, thickness 0.035mm, coil width .75mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF99287061

Tungsten, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.05mm, coil width 1.5mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF04494607

Tungsten, foil, 2m coil, thickness 0.076mm, coil width 1.5mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF85971268

Tungsten, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 0.2mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF88307309

Tungsten, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width .7mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF67192544

Tungsten, foil, 0.2m coil, thickness 0.02mm, coil width .1mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF31462163

Tungsten, foil, 150x150mm, thickness 0.5mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF13618155

Tungsten, foil, 2m coil, thickness 0.035mm, coil width 1.5mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF07491876

Tungsten, foil, 0.2m coil, thickness 0.04mm, coil width 0.7mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF17364191

Tungsten, foil, 2m coil, thickness 0.08mm, coil width .9mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF42014078

Tungsten, foil, 2m coil, thickness 0.6mm, coil width 1mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF37965943

Tungsten, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 0.3mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF09054053

Tungsten, foil, 1m coil, thickness 0.6mm, coil width 1mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF74075452

Tungsten, foil, 100x100mm, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF59431451

Tungsten, foil, 150x150mm, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF66018999

Tungsten, foil, 2m coil, thickness 0.04mm, coil width 0.7mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF87565135

Tungsten, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 1.0mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF52573079

Tungsten, foil, 100x100mm, thickness 0.2mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF99068305

Tungsten, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.02mm, coil width .1mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF28612302

Tungsten, foil, 2m coil, thickness 0.02mm, coil width .5mm, as rolled, 99.95%

GF31626716

Tungsten, foil, 0.2m coil, thickness 0.035mm, coil width .5mm, as rolled, 99.95%